NOTES re: POLITICAL PARTY LABELS IN THE 1st thru 4th CONGRESSES

Most historical literature refers to the "Party" of the Washington Administration as the Federalists with those in opposition to the policies of that Administration as Antifederalists; however, the use of these designations is, in fact, more than a little inaccurate. The term "Antifederalist" (originally applied to those who had opposed the ratification of the Constitution drafted by the Framers meeting in Convention in Philadelphia in 1787) ceased to have any real meaning as a designation of a political faction once the Constitution formally took effect on 4 March 1789, as anyone- whether previously "Antifederalist" or no- wishing to serve in the new Federal Government would have to take an oath to the new Constitution before entering upon their duties in any event: thus, referring to members of Congress as "Antifederalist" makes little- if any- sense.

Furthermore, there were no national Political Parties, at least in the modern sense of the term, prior to the Presidential Election of 1796 (although loose coalitions between, where these were not pre-arranged alliances among, State-based "factions" along the lines of so-called cosmopolitan vs. localist divisions in Revolutionary Era politics [as suggested by the work of the historian Jackson Turner Main] would prove to be the basis of the two Parties which would emerge in 1796 and also did have some effect on the political make-up of the first four Congresses). It is best, therefore, to treat those who served in the first four Congresses- that is, during the whole of the Washington Administration, as being either Administration (that is, generally allied with the Cosmopolitans led by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and most closely associated, in Congress, with the constitutional President of the Senate, Vice President John Adams) or Opposition (the Localists generally led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and, in Congress, associated with Congressman James Madison)- with the caveat that, while there is an apparent lineal connection between these groupings and the later Federalists and Republicans, respectively, the Presidency of George Washington was an era of "factions" rather than one of "Parties" and that there were shifting sands in the political landscape of this early era in American political history.

For his part, President Washington is held, for purposes of this table, to be a member of neither faction soon enough to become Party. Although his political leanings would almost certainly be classified as generally more Cosmopolitan, thus "Federalist", than localist- "Republican", one has to believe Washington himself would have been quite surprised had he been able to live long enough to see himself listed in modern American History books as a dyed-in-the-wool Federalist simply because his own Vice President would himself be one as President.

1st CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 17 Administration, 7 Opposition
HOUSE: 35 Administration, 24 Opposition
the 1st Administration of GEORGE WASHINGTON (1st Presidential Administration) "controlled" both chambers of the 1st Congress.

Although NEW YORK had been among the 11 States which had ratified the Constitution prior to the start of the 1st Congress on 4 March 1789 and elected its 6 Congressmen in time to be counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in the 1st Congress, the Legislature of the State of New York failed to elect the 2 Senators from that State in time for what became the date for the formal opening of the "quorum" session of that Congress on 6 April 1789. However, NEW YORK's 2 Senators were chosen by that State's Legislature in July 1789 and, as this date was on or before Saturday 5 December 1789, then- by rule- they are counted among those elected to the Senate of the 1st Congress.

NORTH CAROLINA was the 12th State to ratify the Constitution on 21 November 1789: North Carolina's 2 Senators were chosen by that State's General Assembly on 27 November 1789 and, as this date was on or before Saturday 5 December 1789, then- by rule- they are counted among those elected to the Senate of the 1st Congress; however, as North Carolina's 5 Congressmen were elected after Saturday 5 December 1789, then- by rule- they are NOT counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that same Congress.

RHODE ISLAND was the 13th State (the last of the original 13 which had declared their independence from the British Empire, as the United States of America, on 4 July 1776) to ratify the Constitution on 29 May 1790: as this was after Satuday 5 December 1789, then- by rule- Rhode Island's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 1st Congress; neither is Rhode Island's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that same Congress.

1st CONGRESS- United States SENATE
by 'Class' (as elected)
17 Administration, 7 Opposition

1st CONGRESS- HOUSE of Representatives

NOTES re: POLITICAL PARTY LABELS IN THE 1st thru 4th CONGRESSES

Most historical literature refers to the "Party" of the Washington Administration as the Federalists with those in opposition to the policies of that Administration as Antifederalists; however, the use of these designations is, in fact, more than a little inaccurate. The term "Antifederalist" (originally applied to those who had opposed the ratification of the Constitution drafted by the Framers meeting in Convention in Philadelphia in 1787) ceased to have any real meaning as a designation of a political faction once the Constitution formally took effect on 4 March 1789, as anyone- whether previously "Antifederalist" or no- wishing to serve in the new Federal Government would have to take an oath to the new Constitution before entering upon their duties in any event: thus, referring to members of Congress as "Antifederalist" makes little- if any- sense.

Furthermore, there were no national Political Parties, at least in the modern sense of the term, prior to the Presidential Election of 1796 (although loose coalitions between, where these were not pre-arranged alliances among, State-based "factions" along the lines of so-called cosmopolitan vs. localist divisions in Revolutionary Era politics [as suggested by the work of the historian Jackson Turner Main] would prove to be the basis of the two Parties which would emerge in 1796 and also did have some effect on the political make-up of the first four Congresses). It is best, therefore, to treat those who served in the first four Congresses- that is, during the whole of the Washington Administration, as being either Administration (that is, generally allied with the Cosmopolitans led by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and most closely associated, in Congress, with the constitutional President of the Senate, Vice President John Adams) or Opposition (the Localists generally led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and, in Congress, associated with Congressman James Madison)- with the caveat that, while there is an apparent lineal connection between these groupings and the later Federalists and Republicans, respectively, the Presidency of George Washington was an era of "factions" rather than one of "Parties" and that there were shifting sands in the political landscape of this early era in American political history.

For his part, President Washington is held, for purposes of this table, to be a member of neither faction soon enough to become Party. Although his political leanings would almost certainly be classified as generally more Cosmopolitan, thus "Federalist", than localist- "Republican", one has to believe Washington himself would have been quite surprised had he been able to live long enough to see himself listed in modern American History books as a dyed-in-the-wool Federalist simply because his own Vice President would himself be one as President.

2nd CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 16 Administration, 10 Opposition, 1 other, 1 vacancy
HOUSE: 43 Administration, 24 Opposition
the 1st Administration of GEORGE WASHINGTON (1st Presidential Administration) "controlled" both chambers of the 2nd Congress.

Although the latest date- as mandated by the U.S. Constitution in Article I, Section 4, clause 2- for the convening of the "long" session of the 2nd Congress was 5 December 1791, the 2d Congress actually convened its "long" session on 24 October 1791.
[For further information about the types of and dates for sessions of Congress, please see our website's page containing an Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress as well as the associated table re: the Sessions of the Congress of the United States ]

VERMONT was admitted as the 14th State of the Union on 4 March 1791: as that State's 2 Senators were elected by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont and both of that State's Congressmen were elected by the People within Vermont's respective Congressional Districts before 3 December 1791, Vermont's Senators and Congressmen are counted among the members of the Senate and the House of Representatives elected to the 2d Congress.

KENTUCKY was admitted as the 15th State of the Union on 1 June 1792: as this was after 3 December 1791, Kentucky's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 2nd Congress; neither are Kentucky's 2 Congressmen counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

2d CONGRESS- United States SENATE
by 'Class' (as elected)
16 Administration, 10 Opposition, 1 other, 1 vacancy

The SENATE of the 2nd Congress includes 1 vacancy from the Commonwealth of PENNSYLVANIA, the General Assembly of the Commonwealth having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1791 to 3 March 1797) from that State by 3 December 1791.

2nd CONGRESS- HOUSE of Representatives

SENATE: 15 Administration, 15 Opposition
HOUSE: 55 Opposition, 50 Administration
the 2nd Administration of GEORGE WASHINGTON nominally controlled the Senate in the 3rd Congress; however, the Administration did not control the House in that Congress.

4th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE:18 Administration, 12 Opposition
HOUSE:54 Opposition, 51 Administration
the 2nd Administration of GEORGE WASHINGTON controlled the Senate in the 4th Congress; however, the Administration did not control the House of that Congress.

TENNESSEE was admitted as the 16th State of the Union on 1 June 1796: as this was after the odd-numbered year in which the 4th Congress took office [this being 1795], Tennessee's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 4th Congress; neither is Tennessee's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

4th CONGRESS- HOUSE of Representatives

In the election held in PENNSYLVANIA's 4th Congressional District (a multi-member district electing 2 Representatives in Congress), it appears that the pro-Administration candidate James Morris had actually won a seat in the 4th Congress (the other seat in this district went to pro-Administration Samuel Sitgreaves) but predeceased the Congress. The Governor of the Commonwealth refused to certify a winner, thus throwing the determination of the outcome of this election to the U.S. House of Representatives itself: the Committee on Elections reported out a decision that the seat should be declared vacant- however, the full House instead voted to seat John Richards, the Opposition candidate who had apparently been defeated by the late Mr. Morris. Nevertheless, in the opinion of TheGreenPapers.com, the election for this seat should be counted as having elected the pro-Administration candidate and this decision is reflected in the State-by-State Breakdown below as well as in the total breakdown for the 4th Congress in the main table.

5th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 20 Federalists, 11 Republicans, 1 Law and Order
HOUSE: 59 Federalists, 47 Republicans
the 3rd Administration of JOHN ADAMS controlled both houses in the 5th Congress.

By the start of the 5th Congress (which coincided with the Inauguration of John Adams as President on 4 March 1797), two Major Political Parties had emerged from among the strong supporters of the policies of outgoing President George Washington and those who had pretty much been opposed to those policies, respectively. Those who had supported the policies of the Washington Administration became known as Federalists because they supported a strong national government as a counterweight to the States; those who had been in Opposition became known as Republicans because they felt that defending the sovereignty of the States against encroachments by the Federal Government was a truer essence of the federal republic known as the United States of America; however, the Federalists, feeling that their contrary vision of what a federal republic should be was the more "republican" in spirit, derisively referred to the Republicans as "democrats" (a term which, at the time, had the connotations of the mob rule associated with the then-still very recent Reign of Terror following the French Revolution of 1789). It is true that many Republicans of this era came to see identification with the concept of Democracy as something of a badge of honor and one often sees the term Democratic-Republicans applied to this Party in historical literature (this usage also useful in creating a lineal relationship between these early Republicans and the Democrats of today); however, most political observers, instead, refer to the Republicans of this era as the "old", or "Jeffersonian", Republicans as a better, and- in their opinion- more accurate, method of distinguishing them from the Republicans of today. TheGreenPapers.com has decided to follow this latter practice and, thus, refer to the Jeffersonian party as the Republicans.

Although the latest date- as mandated by the U.S. Constitution in Article I, Section 4, clause 2- for the convening of the "long" session of the 5th Congress was 4 December 1797, this Congress actually convened its "long" session on 13 November 1797.
[For further information about the types of and dates for sessions of Congress, please see our website's page containing an Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress as well as the associated table re: the Sessions of the Congress of the United States ]

5th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

The Senate of the 5th Congress included 1 Senator not elected to that body as a member of either of the two Major Parties, as follows:

• 1 Law & Order-
• Senator Theodore Foster of RHODE ISLAND (Class 1)

Andrew Jackson, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of TENNESSEE to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1797 to 3 March 1803) from that State on 26 September 1797, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 5th Congress took office [this being 1797]. Senator Jackson, therefore, is counted among the 11 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 5th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1797] due to a failure of that State's legislature to elect.

5th CONGRESS- HOUSE of Representatives

6th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 19 Federalists, 12 Republicans, 1 Law and Order
HOUSE: 63 Federalists, 43 Republicans
the 3rd Administration of JOHN ADAMS controlled both houses of Congress in the 6th Congress.

6th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

The Senate of the 6th Congress included 1 Senator not elected to that body as a member of either of the two Major Parties, as follows:

• 1 Law & Order-
• Senator Theodore Foster of RHODE ISLAND (Class 1)

Senator Henry Tazewell, a Republican, was re-elected by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of VIRGINIA to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1799 to 3 March 1805) from that State but died 24 January 1799 before the term to which he had been elected had even begun. His successor, Wilson Nicholas- also a Republican- was elected on 5 December 1799, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 6th Congress took office. However, as the late Senator Tazewell was the person actually intended to be elected to the seat in the original elections to the Senate by the legislatures of the several States during 1798/9, he is- therefore- counted among the 12 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 6th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1799] due to Senator[-elect] Tazewell's death.

6th CONGRESS- HOUSE of Representatives

7th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 16 Republicans, 15 Federalists, 1 Law and Order
HOUSE: 64 Republicans, 42 Federalists
the 4th Administration of THOMAS JEFFERSON controlled both houses in the 7th Congress.

OHIO was admitted as the 17th State of the Union on 1 March 1803: the General Assembly of the State did not elect either of its Senators nor its Representative in Congress prior to the expiration of the 7th Congress on 3 March 1803; however, as the date of Ohio's admission was well after the end of the odd-numbered year in which that Congress took office [this being 1801], Ohio's 2 Senators would NOT have been counted among those elected to the Senate of the 7th Congress in any event; neither would Ohio's 1 Congressman have been counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

7th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

The Senate of the 7th Congress included 1 Senator not elected to that body as a member of either of the two Major Parties, as follows:

• 1 Law & Order-
• Senator Theodore Foster of RHODE ISLAND (Class 1)

Robert Wright, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of MARYLAND to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1801 to 3 March 1807) from that State on 19 November 1801, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 7th Congress took office. Senator Wright, therefore, is counted among the 16 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 7th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1801] due to a failure of that State's legislature to elect.

7th CONGRESS- HOUSE of Representatives

8TH CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 25 Republicans, 9 Federalists

Although the latest date- as mandated by the U.S. Constitution in Article I, Section 4, clause 2- for the convening of the "long" session of the 8th Congress was 5 December 1803, this Congress actually convened its "long" session on 17 October 1803.
[For further information about the types of and dates for sessions of Congress, please see our website's page containing an Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress as well as the associated table re: the Sessions of the Congress of the United States ]

8TH CONGRESS-United States SENATE

Dwight Foster, Federalist of MASSACHUSETTS, had resigned from the Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1805) from that State on 3 March 1803, at the end of the preceding Congress. Timothy Pickering, also a Federalist, was elected by the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to complete the term before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 8th Congress took office [this being 1803]. Senator Pickering, therefore, is counted among the 9 Federalists elected to the Senate of the 8th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1803] due to Senator Foster's resignation.

John Condit, a Republican, was elected by the Legislature of the State of NEW JERSEY to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1803 to 3 March 1809) from that State on 1 September 1803, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 8th Congress took office [this being 1803]. Senator Condit, therefore, is counted among the 25 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 8th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1803] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

The General Assembly of the State of OHIO, a State admitted to the Union only a few days before the expiration of the preceding Congress, elected its first two Senators- John Smith and Thomas Worthington, both Republicans- on 1 April 1803, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 8th Congress took office [this being 1803]. Senators Smith and Worthington, therefore, are each counted among the 25 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 8th Congress, notwithstanding vacancies in both of the State's Senate seats at the start of that Congress [4 March 1803]; when lots were drawn in the Senate to determine the Electoral "Class" for each of Ohio's first two Senators, Senator Smith drew a Class 1 seat (term ending 3 March 1809), while Senator Worthington drew a Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1807).
[For further information about the methods used to determine the Electoral "Classes" for the Senators from a given State, please see our website's page dealing with United States Senate Electoral "Classes" ]

9th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 27 Republicans, 7 Federalists

10th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 28 Republicans, 6 Federalists

Although the latest date- as mandated by the U.S. Constitution in Article I, Section 4, clause 2- for the convening of the "long" session of the 10th Congress was 7 December 1807, this Congress actually convened its "long" session on 26 October 1807.
[For further information about the types of and dates for sessions of Congress, please see our website's page containing an Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress as well as the associated table re: the Sessions of the Congress of the United States ]

11th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 27 Republicans, 7 Federalists

Although the latest date- as mandated by the U.S. Constitution in Article I, Section 4, clause 2- for the convening of the "long" session of the 11th Congress was 4 December 1809, this Congress actually convened its "long" session on 27 November 1809.
[For further information about the types of and dates for sessions of Congress, please see our website's page containing an Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress as well as the associated table re: the Sessions of the Congress of the United States ]

11th CONGRESS-United States SENATE

Samuel Smith, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of MARYLAND to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1809 to 3 March 1815) from that State before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 11th Congress took office [this being 1809]. Senator Smith, therefore, is counted among the 27 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 11th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1809] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

Edward Tiffin, a Republican from OHIO, resigned from the Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1813) from that State on 3 March 1809, at the end of the preceding Congress; Alexander Campbell, also a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of that State to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Tiffin on 11 December 1809, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 11th Congress took office [this being 1809]. Senator Campbell, therefore, is counted among the 27 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 11th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1809].

Joseph Anderson, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of TENNESSEE to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1809 to 3 March 1815) from that State before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 11th Congress took office [this being 1809]. Senator Anderson, therefore, is counted among the 27 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 11th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1809] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

12th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 26 Republicans, 8 Federalists

Although the latest date- as mandated by the U.S. Constitution in Article I, Section 4, clause 2- for the convening of the "long" session of the 12th Congress was 2 December 1811, this Congress actually convened its "long" session on 4 November 1811.
[For further information about the types of and dates for sessions of Congress, please see our website's page containing an Explanation of the types of Sessions of Congress as well as the associated table re: the Sessions of the Congress of the United States ]

LOUISIANA was admitted as the 18th State of the Union on 30 April 1812: as this was after the end of the odd-numbered year during which the 12th Congress took office [this being 1811], Louisiana's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 4th Congress; neither is Louisiana's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

12TH CONGRESS- United States SENATE

Joseph B. Varnum, a Republican, was elected by the General Court of the Commonwealth of MASSACHUSETTS to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1811 to 3 March 1817) from that State on 8 June 1811, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 12th Congress took office [this being 1811]. Senator Varnum, therefore, is counted among the 26 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 12th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1811] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

13th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 26 Republicans, 10 Federalists

13th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

James A. Bayard, a Federalist, had resigned from the Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1817) from DELAWARE on 3 March 1813, at the end of the preceding Congress. William H. Wells, also a Federalist, was elected to complete the term by the General Assembly of the State on 28 May 1813, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 13th Congress took office [this being 1813]. Senator Wells, therefore, is counted among the 10 Federalists elected to the Senate of the 13th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1813].

Robert H. Goldsborough, a Federalist, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of MARYLAND to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1813 to 3 March 1819) from that State on 21 May 1813, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 13th Congress took office [this being 1813]. Senator Goldsborough, therefore, is counted among the 10 Federalists elected to the Senate of the 13th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1813] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

Jeremiah Mason, a Federalist, was elected by the General Court of the State of NEW HAMPSHIRE to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1813 to 3 March 1819) from that State on 10 June 1813, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 13th Congress took office [this being 1813]. Senator Mason, therefore, is counted among the 10 Federalists elected to the Senate of the 13th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1813] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

14th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 22 Republicans, 12 Federalists, 2 vacancies

INDIANA was admitted as the 19th State of the Union on 11 December 1816: as this was well after the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 14th Congress took office [this being 1815], Indiana's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 14th Congress; neither is Indiana's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

14th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

The SENATE of the 14th Congress included 2 vacancies, as follows:

• 1 vacancy from the State of MARYLAND, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1815 to 3 March 1821) from that State before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 14th Congress took office [this being 1815].
• 1 vacancy from the Commonwealth of VIRGINIA, Senator William B. Giles having resigned from the Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1817) from that State on 3 March 1815, at the end of the preceding Congress, along with the General Assembly of the Commonwealth having subsequently failed to elect his successor before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 14th Congress took office [this being 1815].

Francis Locke, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of NORTH CAROLINA to the Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1819) from that State vacated by the resignation of Senator David Stone on 24 December 1814, during the preceding Congress: however, Senator-elect Locke never qualified and, therefore, never took his seat in the Senate; his successor, Nathaniel Macon, also a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State on 5 December 1815, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 14th Congress took office [this being 1815]. Nevertheless, it is Locke who clearly was the intended Senator-elect for that vacant seat as of the start of the 14th Congress [4 March 1815] and, therefore, he (and not the future Senator Macon) is counted among the 22 Republicans elected to the Senate of that Congress.

George W. Campbell, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of TENNESSEE to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1815 to 3 March 1821) from that State on 10 October 1815, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 14th Congress took office [this being 1815]. Senator Campbell, therefore, is counted among the 22 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 14th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1815] due to a failure of the legilsature to elect.

15th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 29 Republicans, 11 Federalists

MISSISSIPPI was admitted as the 20th State of the Union on 10 December 1817; As Mississippi's 2 Senators were elected by the Legislature of the State and Mississippi's 1 Congressman was elected by the People within that State before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 15th Congress took office [this being 1817], Mississippi's Senators and Congressman are, therefore, counted among the members of the Senate and the House of Representatives elected to that Congress.

ILLINOIS was admitted as the 21st State of the Union on 3 December 1818: as this was well after the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 15th Congress took office [this being 1817], Illinois' 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 15th Congress; neither is Illinois' 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

16th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 36 Republicans, 8 Federalists

ALABAMA was admitted as the 22nd State of the Union on 14 December 1819; as Alabama's 2 Senators were elected by the General Assembly of the State and Alabama's 1 Congressman was elected by the People within that State before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 16th Congress took office [this being 1819], Alabama's Senators and Congressman are, therefore, counted among the members of the Senate and the House of Representatives elected to that Congress.

MAINE was admitted as the 23rd State of the Union on 15 March 1820: as this was after the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 16th Congress took office [this being 1819], Maine's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 16th Congress; however, as Maine was- prior to achieving Statehood- a portion of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Maine's 7 Congressmen were originally elected to Congress as having been among the 20 Congressmen elected from Massachusetts to the 16th Congress and they are, therefore, counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

16th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

Freeman Walker, a Republican, was elected on 6 November 1819 by the General Assembly of the State of GEORGIA to the Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1823) from that State vacated by the resignation of Senator John Forsyth on 17 February 1819, during the preceding Congress, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 16th Congress took office [this being 1819]; Senator Walker, therefore, is counted among the 36 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 16th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1819].

Richard M. Johnson, a Republican, was elected on 10 December 1819 by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of KENTUCKY to the Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1823) from that State vacated by the resignation of Senator John J. Crittenden on 3 March 1819, at the end of the preceding Congress, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 16th Congress took office [this being 1819]; Senator Johnson is, therefore, counted among the 36 Republicans elected to the 16th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1819].

Edward Lloyd, a Republican, was elected on 21 December 1819 by the General Assembly of the State of MARYLAND to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1819 to 3 March 1825) from that State, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 16th Congress took office [this being 1819]; Senator Lloyd is, therefore, counted among the 36 Republicans elected to the 16th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1819].

17th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 43 Republicans, 4 Federalists, 1 vacancy

MISSOURI was admitted as the 24th State of the Union on 10 August 1821: as Missouri's 2 Senators were elected by the General Assembly of the State and Missouri's 1 Congressman was elected by the People within that State before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 17th Congress took office [this being 1821], Missouri's Senators and Congressman are, therefore, counted among the members of the Senate the House of Representatives elected to that Congress.

17th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

The SENATE of the 17th Congress included 1 vacancy, as follows:

• 1 vacancy from the State of DELAWARE, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1821 to 3 March 1827) from that State before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 17th Congress took office [this being 1821].

William Findlay, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of PENNSYLVANIA to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1821 to 3 March 1827) from that State on 10 December 1821, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 17th Congress took office [this being 1821]. Senator Findlay, therefore, is counted among the 43 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 17th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1821] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

John H. Eaton, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of TENNESSEE to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1821 to 3 March 1827) from that State on 26 September 1821, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 17th Congress took office [this being 1821]. Senator Eaton, therefore, is counted among the 43 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 17th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1821] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

18th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 43 Republicans, 4 Federalists, 1 vacancy

18th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

The SENATE of the 18th Congress included 1 vacancy from the State of DELAWARE, Senator Caesar A. Rodney having resigned from the Class 1 seat (term ending 3 March 1827) from that State on 29 January 1823, during the preceding Congress, along with the General Assembly of the State having subsequently failed to elect his successor before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 18th Congress took office [this being 1823].

Joseph McIlvaine, a Republican, was elected on 12 November 1823 by the Legislature of the State of NEW JERSEY to the Class 1 seat (term ending 3 March 1827) from that State vacated by the resignation of Senator Samuel Southard on 3 March 1823, at the end of the preceding Congress, before the end of the off-numbered year in which the 18th took office [this being 1823]; Senator McIlvaine, therefore, is counted among the 43 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 18th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1823].

19th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 26 "Adams" Republicans [= 14 "Crawford" Republicans + 12 "Adams-Clay" Republicans], 17 "Jackson" Republicans, 4 Federalists

John Quincy Adams was elected as a Republican: in fact, all the candidates for President in 1824 were ostensibly Republicans- the four leading candidates being Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Congressman Henry Clay of Kentucky, Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford and Senator Andrew Jackson of Tennessee; all Republican members of both houses in the 19th Congress were elected as supporters of one of these Presidential contenders. As a result, during the course of the 19th Congress, the Republicans in both houses of Congress began to separate themselves- eventually regrouping into two "factions": "pro-Adams/anti-Jackson" and "pro-Jackson/anti-Adams" factions- most of those included in this last faction feeling strongly that, because of the controversial result of the 1824 Presidential Election, President Adams was not a "legitimate" holder of his office and, thus, coming to favor Senator Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, who had been defeated by Adams for the Presidency in 1824, as the next President of the United States come the 1828 Presidential Election. For purposes of this table, the first Republican faction is simply referred to as Adams Republicans, while the second is simply referred to as Jackson Republicans.

19TH CONGRESS- United States SENATE

The SENATE of the 19th Congress included 4 Senators from other than the two Republican factions noted above as elected by their respective State Legislatures as well as 1 vacancy:

The 4 others were as follows:

• 4 Federalists-
  • Senator Thomas Clayton of DELAWARE (Class 1)
  • Senator James Lloyd of MASSACHUSETTS (Class 2)
  • Senator Elijah Mills of MASSACHUSETTS (Class 1)
  • Senator Nicholas Van Dyke of DELAWARE (Class 2)

The 1 vacancy was from the State of NEW YORK, the Legislature of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 3 seat (term of 4 March 1825 to 3 March 1831) from that State before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 19th Congress took office [this being 1825].

Calvin Willey, an "Adams-Clay" Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of CONNECTICUT to the Class 3 seat (term of 4 March 1825 to 3 March 1831) from that State on 4 May 1825, before the odd-numbered year in which the 19th Congress took office [this being 1825]; Senator Willey, therefore, is counted among the 26 "Adams" Republicans (for the reasons explained in the section labeled "in General" above) elected to the Senate of the 19th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1825] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

Levi Woodbury, a "Jackson" Republican, was elected by the General Court of the State of NEW HAMPSHIRE to the Class 3 seat (term of 4 March 1825 to 3 March 1831) from that State on 16 June 1825, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 19th took office [this being 1825]; Senator Woodbury, therefore, is counted among the 17 "Jackson" Republicans elected to the Senate of the 19th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1825] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

20th CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 25 "Jackson" Republicans, 21 "Adams" Republicans, 2 Federalists

John Quincy Adams had been elected as a Republican (in fact, all the candidates for President in 1824 had ostensibly been Republicans) but, by the convening of the "long" session of the 20th Congress on 3 December 1827, the Republicans in both houses of Congress had pretty much separated themselves into "pro-Adams/anti-Jackson" and "pro-Jackson/anti-Adams" factions- this last favoring former Senator Andrew Jackson of Tennessee for the Presidency over the re-election bid of incumbent President Adams in the upcoming 1828 Presidential Election. For purposes of this table, the first Republican faction is simply referred to as Adams Republicans, while the second is simply referred to as Jackson Republicans.

20th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

The SENATE of the 20th Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Republican factions noted above as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 2 Federalists-
  • Senator Louis McLane of DELAWARE (Class 1)
  • Senator Henry Ridgeley of DELAWARE (Class 2)

Daniel Webster, an "Adams" Republican, was elected by the General Court of the Commonwealth of MASSACHUSETTS to the Class 1 seat (term of 4 March 1827 to 3 March 1833) from that State on 30 May 1827, before the end of the odd-numbered year in which the 20th Congress took office [this being 1827]; Senator Webster, therefore, is counted among the 21 "Adams" Republicans elected to the Senate of the 20th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1827] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

21ST CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

By the start of the 21st Congress (coinciding with the Inauguration of President Andrew Jackson on 4 March 1829), the two opposing factions within the old Republican Party which had become evident in the course of the two preceding Congresses had coalesced into two new Major Parties: the Democratic Republicans (the one-time Jackson Republicans) and the National Republicans (the one-time Adams Republicans). The Democratic Republicans took their name from their identification with the democracy they urged on behalf of the "common man" as well as a strong historical tie they now felt with the old "Jeffersonian" Republicans who had been referred to as "democrats" as a term of derision (the "Jackson" faction thus painting those who supported outgoing President John Quincy Adams as being the contemporary equivalent of the Federalists of Adams' father, President John Adams). The National Republicans, meanwhile, adapted their name from the nationalizing policies pushed by the outgoing Administration of their champion, President Adams. Neither faction becoming Party, however, was yet willing to completely give up their identification with the "old" Republicans of the era before the 1824 Presidential Election.

21ST CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 21st Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by his respective State Legislature, as follows:

• 1 Federalist-
  • Senator Louis McLane of DELAWARE (Class 1)

22ND CONGRESS- SENATE

The Class 1 Senate seat from INDIANA (term ending 3 March 1833) was vacated by the death of Senator James Noble on 26 February 1831, during the preceding Congress; the Governor of the State appointed Robert Hanna, a National Republican, to fill the vacancy until a successor could be elected by the State Legislature on 19 August 1831, before the convening of the "long" session of the 22nd Congress on 5 December 1831. Subsequent to this appointment, Democratic Republican John Tipton was elected to fill this seat by the General Assembly of the State before the convening of the "long" session of the 22nd Congress on 5 December 1831. Senator Tipton is, therefore, counted among the 29 Democratic Republicans elected to the Senate of the 22nd Congress, while his immediate predecessor, Senator Hanna, is NOT counted among the 19 National Republicans elected to the Senate of that Congress; in the opinion of TheGreenPapers.com, the actual election of a Democratic Republican- as opposed to the temporary appointment of a National Republican- better reflects the political will of the State of INDIANA as to which Party the State Legislature wished to have represent it in this particular seat in the United States Senate of the 22nd Congress and the table reflects this accordingly.

Henry Clay, a National Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of KENTUCKY to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1831 to 3 March 1837) from that State on 10 November 1831, before the convening of the "long" session of the 22nd Congress on 5 December 1831; Senator Clay, therefore, is counted among the 19 National Republicans elected to the Senate of the 22nd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1831] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

23RD CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

By the start of the 23rd Congress (which coincided with the Second Inauguration of President Andrew Jackson on 4 March 1833), the one-time Democratic Republicans were becoming more generally known as Democrats, the name itself derived from the one-time term of derision hurled at the old (or "Jeffersonian") Republicans- with whom those who strongly supported the policies of President Jackson closely identified historically- by the Federalists back in 1796 and 1800. This Major Party has remained Democrats ever since.

23RD CONGRESS- SENATE

John Black, a Democrat, was elected by the Legislature of the State of MISSISSIPPI to the Class 1 seat (term of 4 March 1833 to 3 March 1839) from that State on 22 November 1833, before the convening of the "long" session of the 23rd Congress on 2 December 1833; Senator Black, therefore, is counted among the 31 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 23rd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1833] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

William C. Preston, a Democrat, was elected on 26 November 1833 by the General Assembly of the State of SOUTH CAROLINA to the Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1837) from that State vacated by the resignation of Senator Stephen D. Miller on 2 March 1833, during the preceding Congress, before the convening of the "long" session of the 23rd Congress on 2 December 1833; Senator Preston, therefore, is counted among the 31 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 23rd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1833].

24TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

By the start of the 24th Congress (4 March 1835), the one-time National Republicans were more generally known as Whigs, a name evocative of the political faction in opposition to the English Crown during the era of the Stuarts (17th Century); in addition, the Patriots of the American Revolution were often referred to- by friend and foe alike- as "Whigs" (in contradistinction to the loyalist "Tories"). These 19th Century American Whigs saw themselves as being a bulwark against the "excesses" of the Administration of "King Andrew" Jackson and his heir apparent, Vice President Martin Van Buren, hence the use of this name by this Major Party.

ARKANSAS was admitted as the 25th State of the Union on 15 June 1836: as this was after the convening of the "long" session of the 24th Congress on 7 December 1835, Arkansas' 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 24th Congress; neither is Arkansas' 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

MICHIGAN was admitted as the 26th State of the Union on 26 January 1837: as this was well after the convening of the "long" session of the 24th Congress on 7 December 1835, Michigan's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 24th Congress; neither is Michigan's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

24TH CONGRESS- SENATE

Charles Gayarre, a Whig, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of LOUISIANA to the Class 2 seat (term of 4 March 1835 to 3 March 1841) from that State; however, Senator-elect Gayarre never qualified and, therefore, never took his seat in the Senate; in addition, his successor was not elected by the General Assembly of the State until after the convening of the "long" session of the 24th Congress on 7 December 1835. Nevertheless, it is Gayarre who clearly was the intended Senator-elect for that seat as of the start of the 24th Congress [4 March 1835] and he is, therefore, counted among the 16 Whigs elected to the Senate of that Congress.

26TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 26th Congress included 3 vacancies, as follows:

• 1 vacancy from the State of MICHIGAN, the Legislature of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1839 to 3 March 1845) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 26th Congress on 2 December 1839.
• 1 vacancy from the Commonwealth of PENNSYLVANIA, the General Assembly of the Commonwealth having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1839 to 3 March 1845) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 26th Congress on 2 December 1839.
• 1 vacancy from the Commonwealth of VIRGINIA, the General Assembly of the Commonwealth having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1839 to 3 March 1845) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 26th Congress on 2 December 1839.

Ephraim H. Foster, a Whig from TENNESSEE who had been appointed- during the preceding Congress- by the Governor of the State to fill a vacancy in the Class 1 seat (term ending 3 March 1839) from that State, had been elected by the General Assembly of the State to the full six-year term (4 March 1839 to 3 March 1845) for that seat but, instead, resigned on 3 March 1839, at the end of the preceding Congress, never having entered upon the full term to which he had been elected; in addition, his successor was not elected by the General Assembly of the State until after the convening of the "long" session of the 26th Congress on 2 December 1839. Nevertheless, it is Senator Foster who clearly was the intended Senator-elect for that seat as of the start of the 26th Congress [4 March 1839] and he is, therefore, counted among the 17 Whigs elected to the Senate of that Congress.

27TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

President WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON died on 4 April 1841, at which moment- as per Article II, Section 1, clause 6 of the U.S. Constitution- "the Powers and Duties of [the Presidency] shall devolve on the Vice President", JOHN TYLER. Mr. Tyler formally took the oath of office as President on 6 April 1841.

27TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 27th Congress included 1 vacancy from the State of TENNESSEE, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1841 to 3 March 1847) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 27th Congress on 6 December 1841.

28TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

FLORIDA was admitted as the 27th State of the Union on 3 March 1845, on the last day of the 28th Congress: thus, the General Assembly of the State did not elect either of its Senators nor its Representative in Congress prior to the expiration of thst Congress; however, as the date of Florida's admission was well after the convening of the "long" session of that Congress on 4 December 1843, Florida's 2 Senators would NOT have been counted among those elected to the Senate of the 28th Congress in any event; neither would Florida's 1 Congressman have been counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

The hitherto independent Republic of TEXAS was annexed by the United States of America on 1 March 1845 with the understanding that, as soon as was practicable, the Republic would be admitted as a State of the Union; however, as certain stipulations of the joint resolution of the 28th Congress approving the Annexation of the Republic had not been met by the Republic before the expiration of that Congress [3 March 1845], TEXAS was not immediately granted Statehood and, thus, was not entitled to representation in either house of Congress during the 28th Congress in any event.

28TH CONGRESS- SENATE

Alexander Porter, a Whig, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of LOUISIANA to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1843 to 3 March 1849) from that State but died before qualifying, never having entered upon the full term to which he had been elected; in addition, his successor was not elected by the General Assembly of the State until after the convening of the "long" session of the 28th Congress on 4 December 1843. Nevertheless, it is Senator Porter who clearly was the intended Senator-elect for that seat as of the start of the 28th Congress [4 March 1843] and he is, therefore, counted among the 28 Whigs elected to the Senate of that Congress.

Daniel E. Huger, a Democrat, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of SOUTH CAROLINA to the Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1847) from that State vacated by the resignation of Senator John C. Calhoun on 3 March 1843, at the end of the preceding Congress, before the convening of the "long" session of the 28th Congress on 4 December 1843; Senator Huger, therefore, is counted among the 24 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 28th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1843].

Ephraim H. Foster and Spencer Jarnagin, both Whigs, were elected on 17 October 1843 by the General Assembly of the State of TENNESSEE to fill vacancies in the Senate caused by the failure of the legislature to elect during the preceding Congress- Senator Foster being elected to the Class 1 seat (term ending 3 March 1845) from that State and Senator Jarnagin being elected to the Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1847), before the convening of the "long" session of the 28th Congress on 4 December 1843; Senators Foster and Jarnagin, therefore, are both counted among the 28 Whigs elected to the Senate of the 28th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of vacancies in both seats from the State of TENNESSEE at the start of that Congress [4 March 1843].

29TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

The General Assembly of the State of FLORIDA, a State admitted to the Union on the same date as the expiration of the preceding Congress, elected its first two Senators- David Levy (Yulee) and James D. Westcott, Jr., both Democrats- on 1 July 1845, before the convening of the "long" session of the 29th Congress on 1 December 1845. Senators Levy (Yulee) and Westcott, therefore, are each counted among the 29 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 29th Congress; when lots were drawn in the Senate to determine the Electoral "Class" for each of Florida's first two Senators, Senator Levy (Yulee) drew a Class 1 seat (term ending 3 March 1851), while Senator Westcott drew a Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1849).
[For further information about the methods used to determine the Electoral "Classes" for the Senators from a given State, please see our website's page dealing with United States Senate Electoral "Classes" .]

TEXAS was admitted as the 28th State of the Union on 29 December 1845: as this was after the convening of the "long" session of the 29th Congress on 1 December 1845, Texas' 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 29th Congress; neither are Texas' 2 Congressmen counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

IOWA was admitted as the 29th State of the Union on 28 December 1846: as this was well after the convening of the "long" session of the 29th Congress on 1 December 1845, Iowa's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 29th Congress; neither are Iowa's 2 Congressmen counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

29TH CONGRESS- SENATE

John C. Calhoun, a Democrat, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of SOUTH CAROLINA to the Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1847) from that State vacated by the resignation of Senator Daniel E. Huger on 3 March 1845, at the end of the preceding Congress, before the convening of the "long" session of the 29th Congress on 1 December 1845; Senator Calhoun, therefore, is counted among the 29 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 29th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1845].

30TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

WISCONSIN was admitted as the 30th State of the Union on 29 May 1848: as this was after the convening of the "long" session of the 30th Congress on 6 December 1847, Wisconsin's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 30th Congress; neither are Wisconsin's 2 Congressmen counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

Although IOWA had been admitted to the Union as a State during the preceding Congress and both of Iowa's Representatives to the 30th Congress had been duly elected by the People within the respective Congressional Districts of that State before the convening of the "long" session of that Congress on 6 December 1847 and are, therefore, counted among the members of the House of Representatives elected to that Congress, neither of Iowa's first two Senators were to be elected by the General Assembly of the State until 7 December 1848, well after the convening of the aforementioned "long" session of the 30th Congress; thus, the Senators from this State are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the that Congress.

The General Assembly of the State of GEORGIA delayed re-electing Senator John M. Berrien, a Whig (whose previous term in the Senate had expired 3 March 1847), to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1847 to 3 March 1853) from that State until 13 November 1847, before the convening of the "long" session of the 30th Congress on 6 December 1847. Senator Berrien, therefore, is counted among the 23 Whigs elected to the Senate of the 30th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1847] due to the failure of the legislature to elect.

John Bell, a Whig, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of TENNESSEE to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1847 to 3 March 1853) from that State on 22 November 1847, before the convening of the "long" session of the 30th Congress on 6 December 1847; Senator Bell, therefore, is counted among the 23 Whigs elected to the Senate of the 30th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1847] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

31ST CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

President ZACHARY TAYLOR died on 9 July 1850, at which moment- as per Article II, Section 1, clause 6 of the U.S. Constitution- "the Powers and Duties of [the Presidency] shall devolve on the Vice President", MILLARD FILLMORE. Mr. Fillmore formally took the oath of office as President on 10 July 1850.

CALIFORNIA was admitted as the 31st State of the Union on 9 September 1850: as this was after the convening of the "long" session of the 31st Congress on 3 December 1849, California's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 31st Congress; neither are California's 2 Congressmen counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

31ST CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 31st Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by his respective State Legislature, as follows:

• 1 Free Soiler-
  • Senator Salmon P. Chase of OHIO (Class 3)

The Class 2 Senate seat from ALABAMA (term ending 3 March 1853) was vacated by the death of Senator Dixon H. Lewis on 25 October 1848, during the preceding Congress; the Governor of the State appointed Benjamin Fitzpatrick, a Democrat, on 25 November 1848 to fill the vacancy until a successor could be elected by the General Assembly of the State. Senator Fitzpatrick continued to serve into the 31st Congress by virtue of this appointment; however, Jeremiah Clemens- also a Democrat- was elected to fill this seat by the General Assembly of the State on 30 November 1849, before the convening of the "long" session of that Congress on 3 December 1849. Senator Clemens- and not his immediate predecessor, Senator Fitzpatrick- is, therefore, the one counted among the 32 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 31st Congress.

32ND CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 32nd Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 2 Free Soilers-
  • Senator Salmon P. Chase of OHIO (Class 3)
  • Senator Charles Sumner of MASSACHUSETTS (Class 1)

The SENATE of the 32nd Congress also included 2 vacancies, as follows:

• 1 vacancy from the State of CALIFORNIA, the Legislature of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1851 to 3 March 1857) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 32nd Congress on 1 December 1851.
• 1 vacancy from the State of CONNECTICUT, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1851 to 3 March 1857) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 26th Congress on 1 December 1851.

Charles Sumner, a Free Soiler, was elected by the General Court of the Commonwealth of MASSACHUSETTS to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1851 to 3 March 1857) from that State on 24 April 1851, before the convening of the "long" session of the 32nd Congress on 1 December 1851; Senator Sumner, therefore, is counted among the 2 other (as in "other than the two Major Parties") elected to the Senate of the 32nd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1851] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

Benjamin Wade, a Whig, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of OHIO to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1851 to 3 March 1857) from that State on 15 March 1851, before the convening of the "long" session of the 32nd Congress on 1 December 1851; Senator Wade, therefore, is counted among the 24 Whigs elected to the Senate of the 32nd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1851] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

33RD CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 33rd Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 2 Free Soilers-
  • Senator Salmon P. Chase of OHIO (Class 3)
  • Senator Charles Sumner of MASSACHUSETTS (Class 1)

The SENATE of the 33rd Congress included 4 vacancies, as follows:

• 1 vacancy from the State of MAINE, the Legislature of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1853 to 3 March 1859) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 33rd Congress on 5 December 1853.
• 1 vacancy from the State of MISSISSIPPI, the Legislature of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1853 to 3 March 1859) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 33rd Congress on 5 December 1853.
• 1 vacancy from the State of NORTH CAROLINA, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1853 to 3 March 1859) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 33rd Congress on 5 December 1853.
• 1 vacancy from the State of VERMONT: the Class 3 Senate seat from that State (term ending 3 March 1855) was vacated by the death of Senator William Upham on 14 January 1853, during the preceding Congress; the Governor of the State appointed Samuel Phelps, a Whig, on 17 January 1853 to fill the vacancy until a successor could be elected by the General Assembly of the State. Senator Phelps continued to serve into the 33rd Congress by virtue of this appointment; however, the General Assembly of the State failed to elect someone to that seat before the convening of the "long" session of the 33rd Congress on 5 December 1853: therefore, since Senator Phelps was serving in the Senate at the start of the 33rd Congress [4 March 1853] by virtue of appointment by the Governor and not actual election by his State's legislature, he is NOT counted among the 19 Whigs elected to the Senate of that Congress.

Clement Claiborne Clay, a Democrat, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of ALABAMA to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1853 to 3 March 1859) from that State on 29 November 1853, before the convening of the "long" session of the 33rd Congress on 5 December 1853; Senator Clay, therefore, is counted among the 37 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 33rd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1853] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

Phillip Allen, a Democrat, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of RHODE ISLAND[and Providence Plantations] to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1853 to 3 March 1859) from that State on 4 May 1853, before the convening of the "long" session of the 33rd Congress on 5 December 1853; Senator Allen, therefore, is counted among the 37 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 33rd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1853] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

The General Assembly of the State of TENNESSEE delayed re-electing Senator John Bell, a Whig (whose previous term in the Senate had expired 3 March 1853), to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1853 to 3 March 1859) from that State until 29 October 1853, before the convening of the "long" session of the 33rd Congress on 5 December 1853. Senator Bell, therefore, is counted among the 19 Whigs elected to the Senate of the 33rd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1853] due to the failure of the legislature to elect.

34TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

The Slavery issue marked the death knell of the Whigs as a Major Party: the Compromise of 1850 (which first adapted the concept of "squatter sovereignty" to the problem of the extension of Slavery to the territories) was lost in the battle over the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 (which first extended this principle north of the northernmost limit of Slavery under the Missouri Compromise of 1820). In the wake of the resultant political fallout, Free Soilers and so-called "Conscience" Whigs joined forces with so-called "Free" Democrats and even denizens of the nativist American (known colloquially as the "Know-Nothing") Party to sow the seeds of a new Major Party: one soon enough to become more generally known as the Republicans. Meanwhile, other Whigs (primarily in the South) joined the Democrats, while a core of so-called "old" Whigs (principally in the Border South) vainly attempted to hold what was, by now, an "anti-Free Soil yet pro-Union" faction together while the winds of Secession and Civil War began to intensify as the end of the 1850s drew nigh (this last remnant of the Whigs would become the core of a short-lived Constitutional Union Party by the 1860 Presidential Election). The 34th Congress, thus, can be seen as a more or less transitional period in which the final decay and decline of the Whigs was becoming offset by the shifting sands of the contemporary antebellum political landscape swiftly producing a new Democrats versus Republicans Major Party lineup: one that, at least insofar as the Parties' names are concerned, continues to this very day.
[NOTE: Important Party switchers- though not, by all means, all- during the transition from the Whigs to the Republicans as the "second party" in opposition to the Democrats in the course of the 34th Congress are noted in the notes re: each respective house of Congress below.]

34TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 34th Congress included the following IMPORTANT PARTY-SWITCHERS, as follows:

• Whigs become Democrats-
  • Senator James A. Bayard of DELAWARE (Class 1)
  • Senator Judah P. Benjamin of LOUISIANA (Class 2)
  • Senator James A. Pearce of MARYLAND (Class 3)
• Democrats become Republicans-
  • Senator John Hale of NEW HAMPSHIRE (Class 2)
  • Senator Hannibal Hamlin of MAINE (Class 1)
• Free Soilers become Republicans-
  • Senator Charles Sumner of MASSACHUSETTS (Class 1)
  • in addition, outgoing Senator Salmon P. Chase of OHIO- a Free Soiler in the Senate- was elected Governor of his State as a Republican in 1855
• Whigs become Republicans-
  • Senator Hamilton Fish of NEW YORK (Class 1)
  • Senator Solomon Foot of VERMONT (Class 1)
  • Senator William H. Seward of NEW YORK (Class 3)
  • Senator Benjamin Wade of OHIO (Class 1)

The SENATE of the 34th Congress also included 6 Senators from other than the Democrats and Republicans as elected by their respective State legislatures, as follows:

• 6 so-called "old" Whigs-
  • Senator John Bell of TENNESSEE (Class 2)
  • Senator John M. Clayton of DELAWARE (Class 2)
  • Senator John J. Crittenden of KENTUCKY (Class 3)
  • Senator James C. Jones of TENNESSEE (Class 1)
  • Senator Thomas G. Pratt of MARYLAND (Class 1)
  • Senator John B. Thompson of KENTUCKY (Class 2)

The SENATE of the 34th Congress also included 4 vacancies, as follows:

• 1 vacancy from the State of CALIFORNIA, the Legislature of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1855 to 3 March 1861) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 34th Congress on 3 December 1855.
• 1 vacancy from the State of INDIANA, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1855 to 3 March 1861) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 34th Congress on 3 December 1855.
• 1 vacancy from the State of MISSOURI, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1855 to 3 March 1861) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 34th Congress on 3 December 1855.
• 1 vacancy from the Commonwealth of PENNSYLVANIA, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1855 to 3 March 1861) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 34th Congress on 4 December 1855.

Benjamin Fitzpatrick, a Democrat, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of ALABAMA to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1855 to 3 March 1861) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 34th Congress on 3 December 1855; Senator Fitzpatrick, therefore, is counted among the 37 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 34th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1855] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

James Bell, a Republican, was elected by the General Court of the State of NEW HAMPSHIRE to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1855 to 3 March 1861) from that State on 30 July 1855, before the convening of the "long" session of the 34th Congress on 3 December 1855; in addition, John Hale- also a Republican, was elected on that same date [30 July 1855] by the General Court of the State to NEW HAMPSHIRE's Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1859) to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Charles G. Atherton on 15 November 1853, during the preceding Congress. Senators Bell and Hale, therefore, are both counted among the 15 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 34th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of vacancies at the start of that Congress [4 March 1855] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

35TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

MINNESOTA was admitted as the 32nd State of the Union on 11 May 1858: as this was after the convening of the "long" session of the 35th Congress on 7 December 1857, Minnesota's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 35th Congress; neither are Minnesota's 2 Congressmen counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

OREGON was admitted as the 33rd State of the Union on 14 February 1859: as this was well after the convening of the "long" session of the 35th Congress on 7 December 1857, Oregon's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 35th Congress; neither is Oregon's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

35TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 35th Congress included 4 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State legislatures, as follows:

• 3 so-called "old" Whigs-
  • Senator John Bell of TENNESSEE (Class 2)
  • Senator John J. Crittenden of KENTUCKY (Class 3)
  • Senator John B. Thompson of KENTUCKY (Class 2)
• 1 Unionist-
  • Senator Anthony Kennedy of MARYLAND (Class 1)

  Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of TENNESSEE to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1857 to 3 March 1863) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 35th Congress on 7 December 1857; Senator Johnson, therefore, is counted among the 38 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 35th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1857] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

36TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

KANSAS was admitted as the 34th State of the Union on 29 January 1861: as this was well after the convening of the "long" session of the 36th Congress on 5 December 1859, Kansas' 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 36th Congress; neither is Kansas' 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

36TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 36th Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State legislatures, as follows:

• 1 so-called "old" Whig-
  • Senator John J. Crittenden of KENTUCKY (Class 3)
• 1 Unionist-
  • Senator Anthony Kennedy of MARYLAND (Class 1)

The SENATE of the 36th Congress also included 1 vacancy from the State of OREGON, the Legislative Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1859 to 3 March 1865) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 36th Congress on 5 December 1859.

The Class 1 Senate seat from TEXAS (term ending 3 March 1863) was vacated by the death of Senator J. Pinckney Henderson on 4 June 1858, during the preceding Congress; the Governor of the State appointed Matthias Ward, a Democrat, on 27 September 1858 to fill the vacancy until a successor could be elected by the Legislature of the State. Senator Ward continued to serve into the 36th Congress by virtue of this appointment; however, Louis T. Wigfall- also a Democrat- was elected to fill this seat by the Legislature of the State on 5 December 1859, the very day of the convening of the "long" session of that Congress. Senator Wigfall- and not his immediate predecessor, Senator Ward- is, therefore, the one counted among the 38 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 36th Congress.

37TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

By the start of the 37th Congress [4 March 1861], 7 States had seceded from the Union, as follows:

• 20 December 1860: State of SOUTH CAROLINA
• 9 January 1861: State of MISSISSIPPI
• 11 January 1861: State of ALABAMA
• 11 January 1861: State of FLORIDA
• 26 January 1861: State of LOUISIANA
• 28 January 1861: State of GEORGIA
• 1 February 1861: State of TEXAS

on 8 February 1861, the first 6 of these States formally organized themselves- under a Provisional Constitution adopted that same day- as constituent States of a federation to be known as the Confederate States of America; TEXAS was allowed to sign on to the Provisional Constitution of the new Confederacy as the 7th constituent State on 2 March 1861.

Although some of the States (11 all told) that would become part of this new Confederacy would still have Senators and Representatives sitting in the 37th Congress after their States had already seceded from the Union until they either voluntarily withdrew or were forcibly expelled by their respective houses of Congress, it is the opinion of TheGreenPapers.com that, as the secession of these States was an action taken by legally elected State governments in power at the time, no State which had already seceded from the Union should have their Senators and Congressmen counted as having been elected to Congress of the United States. In addition, while a few scattered Congressmen would be elected (some of whom were actually seated in the House of Representatives for short periods of time) from areas of the Confederacy subsequently occupied by Union forces in the course of the ensuing Civil War, it is also the opinion of TheGreenPapers.com that no seceded State should be counted as having Senators and Representatives elected to the Congress of the United States until the State in question had been duly readmitted to representation after the Civil War by Act of Congress.

Accordingly, as of the start of the 37th Congress [4 March 1861], there are- for purposes of this table- 14 vacancies in the Senate due to the secession of the 7 States named above; in addition, there are also 33 vacancies in the House of Representatives due to the secession of these States, as follows:

• ALABAMA: 7 Congressmen
• FLORIDA: 1 Congressman
• GEORGIA: 8 Congressmen
• LOUISIANA: 4 Congressmen
• MISSISSIPPI: 5 Congressmen
• SOUTH CAROLINA: 6 Congressmen
• TEXAS: 2 Congressmen

37TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 37th Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by his respective State legislature, as follows:

• 1 Unionist-
  • Senator Anthony Kennedy of MARYLAND (Class 1)

The SENATE of the 37th Congress also included 14 vacancies from the 7 States of the Confederate States of America which had seceded from the Union by the start of that Congress [4 March 1861], as noted under "IN GENERAL" above

The Legislature of the State of KANSAS, a State admitted to the Union during the preceding Congress, elected its first two Senators- James H. Lane and Samuel Pomeroy, both Republicans- on 4 April 1861, before the convening of the "long" session of the 37th Congress on 2 December 1861. Senators Lane and Pomeroy, therefore, are each counted among the 31 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 37th Congress; when lots were drawn in the Senate to determine the Electoral "Class" for each of Kansas' first two Senators, Senator Lane drew a Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1865), while Senator Worthington drew a Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1867).
[For further information about the methods used to determine the Electoral "Classes" for the Senators from a given State, please see our website's page dealing with United States Senate Electoral "Classes" ]

Waldo P. Johnson, a Democrat, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of MISSOURI to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1861 to 3 March 1867) from that State on 17 March 1861, before the convening of the "long" session of the 37th Congress on 2 December 1861; Senator Johnson, therefore, is counted among the 22 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 37th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1861] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

Salmon P. Chase, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of OHIO to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1861 to 3 March 1867) from that State but resigned 6 March 1861, having been appointed Secretary of the Treasury in the Lincoln Administration: the General Assembly of the State elected John Sherman- also a Republican- to fill the vacancy on 21 March 1861, before the convening of the "long" session of the 37th Congress on 2 December 1861; Senator Sherman, therefore- and not Senator Chase- is counted among the 31 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 37th Congress.

38TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

By the start of the 38th Congress [4 March 1863], 4 more States had seceded from the Union and joined with the 7 States which had seceded by the start of the preceding Congress [4 March 1861] in the Confederate States of America, as follows:

• 17 April 1861: Commonwealth of VIRGINIA
• 8 May 1861: State of ARKANSAS
• 21 May 1861: State of NORTH CAROLINA
• 24 June 1861: State of TENNESSEE

As noted under the header "IN GENERAL" in the footnotes for the preceding Congress, it is the opinion of TheGreenPapers.com that, as the secession of these States was an action taken by legally elected State governments in power at the time, no State which had already seceded from the Union should have their Senators and Congressmen counted as having been elected to the Congress of the United States. In addition, while a few scattered Congressmen would be elected (some of whom were actually seated in the House of Representatives for short periods of time) from areas of the Confederacy subsequently occupied by Union forces in the course of the ensuing Civil War, it is also the opinion of TheGreenPapers.com that no seceded State should be counted as having Senators and Representatives elected to the Congress of the United States until the State in question had been duly readmitted to representation after the Civil War by Act of Congress.

Accordingly, as of the start of the 38th Congress [4 March 1863], there are- for purposes of this table- 22 vacancies in the Senate due to the secession of the 11 States of the Confederacy; in addition, there are also 61 vacancies in the House of Representatives due to the secession of these States, as follows:

• ALABAMA: 6 Congressmen
• ARKANSAS: 3 Congressmen
• FLORIDA: 1 Congressman
• GEORGIA: 7 Congressmen
• LOUISIANA: 5 Congressmen
• MISSISSIPPI: 5 Congressmen
• NORTH CAROLINA: 7 Congressmen
• SOUTH CAROLINA: 4 Congressmen
• TENNESSEE: 8 Congressmen
• TEXAS: 4 Congressmen
• VIRGINIA: 11 Congressmen

WEST VIRGINIA was admitted as the 35th State of the Union on 19 June 1863: as this was before the convening of the "long" session of the 38th Congress on 7 December 1863, West Virginia's 2 Senators are counted among those elected to the Senate of the 38th Congress; in addition, West Virginia's 3 Congressmen are counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

NEVADA was admitted as the 36th State of the Union on 31 October 1864: as this was well after the convening of the "long" session of the 38th Congress on 7 December 1863, Nevada's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 38th Congress; neither is Nevada's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

38TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 38th Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by his respective State legislature, as follows:

• 1 Unionist-
  • Senator John Conness of CALIFORNIA (Class 1)

The SENATE of the 38th Congress also included 22 vacancies from the 11 States of the Confederate States of America which had seceded from the Union by the start of that Congress [4 March 1863], as noted under "IN GENERAL" above. The Commonwealth of VIRGINIA had 2 Unionists representing that State in the Senate, one of whom was from the territory soon to become the newly admitted State of WEST VIRGINIA (as noted under "IN GENERAL" above); however, as per the opinion of TheGreenPapers.com as noted under "IN GENERAL" above, the Commonwealth of VIRGINIA having seceded from the Union, these Senators- though they were duly seated and voting- are not counted among those elected to the Senate of the 38th Congress for purposes of this table.

The Class 3 Senate seat from MISSOURI (term ending 3 March 1867) was vacated by the expulsion of Senator Waldo P. Johnson from the Senate on 10 January 1862, during the preceding Congress; the Governor of the State appointed Robert Wilson, a Unionist, on 17 January 1862 to fill the vacancy until a successor could be elected by the General Assembly of the State. Senator Wilson continued to serve into the 38th Congress by virtue of this appointment; however, B. Gratz Brown- a Democrat- was elected to fill this seat by the General Assembly of the State on 13 November 1863, before the convening of the "long" session of that Congress on 7 December 1863. Senator Brown is, therefore, counted among the 13 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 38th Congress; Senator Wilson, meanwhile, is not counted among those other (as in "other than the two Major Parties") elected to the Senate of that Congress.

39TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

President ABRAHAM LINCOLN was shot by an assassin on 14 April 1865 and died the next day, at which moment- as per Article II, Section 1, clause 6 of the U.S. Constitution- "the Powers and Duties of [the Presidency] shall devolve on the Vice President", ANDREW JOHNSON. Mr. Johnson formally took the oath of office as President on 15 April 1865, the same day as Mr. Lincoln's passing.

Only one of the 11 former constituent States of the defunct Confederate States of America would be "reconstructed" during the 39th Congress, this being the State of TENNESSEE which was readmitted to representation in Congress- with the right to have its 2 Senators and its 8 Congressmen seated in each respective house of that Congress- on 24 July 1866: as the State's readmission to representation in Congress was after the convening of the "long" session of the 39th Congress on 4 December 1865, the Senators from that State are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of that Congress; neither are its Congressmen counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in the 39th Congress.

NEBRASKA was admitted as the 37th State of the Union on 1 March 1867: as this was well after the convening of the "long" session of the 39th Congress on 4 December 1865, Nebraska's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 39th Congress; neither is Nebraska's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

39TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 39th Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by his respective State legislature, as follows:

• 1 Unionist-
  • Senator John Conness of CALIFORNIA (Class 1)

The SENATE of the 39th Congress also included 22 vacancies from the 11 States of the Confederate States of America which remained legally seceded from the Union as of the start of that Congress [4 March 1865].

John A.J. Creswell, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of MARYLAND to the Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1867) from that State vacated by the death of Senator Thomas H. Hicks on 14 February 1865, during the preceding Congress, on 9 March 1865, before the convening of the "long" session of the 39th Congress on 4 December 1865; Senator Creswell, therefore, is counted among the 36 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 39th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1865].

40TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

The Legislature of the State of NEBRASKA, a State admitted to the Union in the waning days of the preceding Congress, elected its first two Senators- John M. Thayer and Thomas W. Tipton, both Republicans- in time for each of them to be seated at the start of the 40th Congress on 4 March 1867. Senators Thayer and Tipton, therefore, are each counted among the 42 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 40th Congress.

10 States- all former constituent States of the defunct Confederate States of America- remained totally "unreconstructed" as of the start of the 40th Congress [4 March 1867]; 6 of these were readmitted to representation in Congress- with the right to have 2 Senators and the numbers of Congressmen noted below seated in each respective house of that Congress- as follows:

• 22 June 1868: State of ARKANSAS
  (3 Congressmen)
• 25 June 1868: State of FLORIDA
  (1 Congressman)
• 4 July 1868: State of NORTH CAROLINA
  (7 Congressmen)
• 9 July 1868: State of LOUISIANA
  (5 Congressmen)
• 9 July 1868: State of SOUTH CAROLINA
  (4 Congressmen)
• 13 July 1868: State of ALABAMA
  (6 Congressmen)

as these 6 States were all readmitted to representation in Congress after the convening of the "long" session of the 40th Congress on 2 December 1867, the 12 Senators from these 6 States are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 40th Congress; neither are the 26 Congressmen from these 6 States counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress. In addition, there were 3 States of the former Confederacy- MISSISSIPPI, TEXAS and VIRGINIA- which remained "unreconstructed" throughout the remainder of the Congress: 6 Senators and a total of 17 Congressmen from these States are also not counted as elected to their respective houses during the 40th Congress.
[NOTE: For the special situation involving the State of GEORGIA, partially "reconstructed" in the course of the 40th Congress, see the relevant notes under each house of Congress below]

40TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 40th Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 2 Unionists-
  • Senator John Conness of CALIFORNIA (Class 1)
  • Senator Joseph S. Fowler of TENNESSEE (Class 2)

The SENATE of the 40th Congress also included 20 vacancies: 12 from the 6 former Confederate States not yet readmitted to representation in the Senate as noted under "IN GENERAL" above, 6 from the 3 States- MISSISSIPPI, TEXAS and VIRGINIA- not yet readmitted to representation at any time during the course of the 40th Congress, plus 2 from the State of GEORGIA: even though its 7 Congressmen were re-entitled to seats in the House through action taken in this Congress (as noted below), GEORGIA was not formally readmitted to full representation in Congress until action taken in the 41st Congress; as a result, both Senate seats from the State of GEORGIA remained vacant throughout the 40th Congress.

Philip F. Thomas, a Democrat, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of MARYLAND to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1867 to 3 March 1873) from that State; however, the Senate refused to seat him as there was evidence that he had given aid and comfort to the Confederate States of America during the Civil War, even though Maryland had never seceded from the Union: his successor was not elected by the General Assembly of the State until after the convening of the "long" session of the 40th Congress on 2 December 1867. Nevertheless, as Mr. Thomas clearly was the intended Senator-elect for that seat, he is counted among the 10 Democrats elected to that Congress.

41ST CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

3 States- all former constituent States of the defunct Confederate States of America- remained totally "unreconstructed" as of the start of the 41st Congress [4 March 1869]; these were readmitted to representation in Congress- with the right to have 2 Senators and the numbers of Congressmen noted below seated in each respective house of that Congress- as follows:

• 26 January 1870: Commonwealth of VIRGINIA
  (8 Congressmen [though the Commonwealth claimed 9: see below])
• 23 February 1870: State of MISSISSIPPI
  (5 Congressmen)
• 30 March 1870: State of TEXAS
  (4 Congressmen)

as these 3 States were all readmitted to representation in Congress after the convening of the "long" session of the 41st Congress on 6 December 1869, the 6 Senators from these 3 States are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 41st Congress; neither are the 17 Congressmen from these 3 States counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.
[NOTE: For the special situation involving the State of GEORGIA, partially "reconstructed" at the start of the 41st Congress [4 March 1869], see the relevant notes under each house of Congress below]

41ST CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 41st Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by his respective State Legislature, as follows:

• 1 Unionist-
  • Senator Joseph S. Fowler of TENNESSEE (Class 2)

The SENATE of the 41st Congress also included 8 vacancies: 6 from the 3 former Confederate States not yet readmitted to representation in the Senate as noted under "IN GENERAL" above, plus 2 from the State of GEORGIA: even though its 7 Congressmen were re-entitled to seats in the House through action taken in the preceding Congress, GEORGIA was not formally readmitted to full representation in Congress until 15 July 1870- after which date the State's 2 Senators were also re-entitled to be seated; as a result, the Senators from the State of GEORGIA are also NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 41st Congress.

42ND CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 42nd Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 1 Conservative-
  • Senator John W. Johnston of VIRGINIA (Class 2)
• 1 Unionist-
  • Senator Joshua Hill of GEORGIA (Class 3)

The SENATE of the 42nd Congress also included 1 vacancy from the State of NORTH CAROLINA in the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1871 to 3 March 1877) from that State: outgoing Senator Joseph C. Abbott, a Republican, and Zebulon B. Vance, a Democrat, each claimed to have been elected by the General Assembly of the State. The Senate took no action on this dispute before the convening of the "long" session of the 42nd Congress on 4 December 1871.

Thomas M. Norwood, a Democrat, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of GEORGIA to the Class 2 seat (term of 4 March 1871 to 3 March 1877) from that State on 14 November 1871, before the convening of the "long" session of the 42nd Congress on 4 December 1871; Senator Norwood, therefore, is counted among the 15 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 42nd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1871] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

43RD CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 43rd Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by his respective State Legislature, as follows:

• 1 Conservative-
  • Senator John W. Johnston of VIRGINIA (Class 2)

The SENATE of the 43rd Congress also included 1 vacancy from the State of LOUISIANA in the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1873 to 3 March 1879) from that State: William L. McMillen, a Democrat, and Pinckney B.S. Pinchback, a Republican, each claimed to have been elected by the legitimate General Assembly of the State. The Senate took no action on this dispute during the 43rd Congress and this seat remained vacant throughout that Congress.

George Boutwell, a Republican, was elected on 12 March 1873 by the General Court of the Commonwealth of MASSACHUSETTS to the Class 2 seat (term ending 3 March 1877) from that State vacated by the resignation of Senator Henry Wilson on 3 March 1873, at the end of the preceding Congress, to become Vice President of the United States, before the convening of the "long" session of the 43rd Congress on 1 December 1873; Senator Boutwell, therefore, is counted among the 54 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 43rd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1873].

44TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

COLORADO was admitted as the 38th State of the Union on 1 August 1876: as this was after the convening of the "long" session of the 44th Congress on 6 December 1875, Colorado's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 44th Congress; neither is Colorado's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

44TH CONGRESS-SENATE

The SENATE of the 44th Congress included 3 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 2 Conservatives-
  • Senator John W. Johnston of VIRGINIA (Class 2)
  • Senator Robert E. Withers of VIRGINIA (Class 1)
• 1 Anti-Monopolist-
  • Senator Newton Booth of CALIFORNIA (Class 1)

The SENATE of the 44th Congress also included 1 vacancy from the State of LOUISIANA in the Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1879) from that State which had been the subject of an election dispute since the preceding Congress: the Democratic contender, William L. McMillen, withdrew his credentials on 14 December 1875; on 8 March 1876, the Senate declared the Republican contender, Pinckney B.S. Pinchback, not entitled to the seat but, at the same time, refused to also declare the seat vacant. In the meantime, James B. Eustis, a Democrat, was elected by what Mr. Eustis claimed was the legitimate General Assembly of the State of LOUISIANA on 12 January 1876, such election based on- and occurring after- the withdrawal of his credentials by the previous Democratic candidate, Mr. McMillen; however, as this election was also before the Senate had definitively ruled on the credentials of the Republican contender, Mr. Pinchback, and had occurred without the Senate having declared the seat vacant, the Senate refused to immediately seat Mr. Eustis and a vacancy remained in this seat throughout the remainder of the 44th Congress.

45TH CONGRESS-SENATE

The SENATE of the 45th Congress included 4 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 2 Conservatives-
  • Senator John W. Johnston of VIRGINIA (Class 2)
  • Senator Robert E. Withers of VIRGINIA (Class 1)
• 1 Anti-Monopolist-
  • Senator Newton Booth of CALIFORNIA (Class 1)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator David Davis of ILLINOIS (Class 2)

The SENATE of the 45th Congress also included 1 vacancy from the State of LOUISIANA in the Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1879) from that State which had been the subject of an election dispute since the 43rd Congress: James B. Eustis, a Democrat, was finally declared entitled to this seat but only after the convening of the "long" session of the 45th Congress on 3 December 1877. (It is true that Senator Eustis was declared as if seated re: his election on 12 January 1876, during the preceding Congress; however, this was merely a technicality dealing with such Senatorial prerogatives as back pay and determining seniority: the fact remains that the Class 3 seat from LOUISIANA remained vacant at the start of the 45th Congress [4 March 1877], although this date be after Senator Eustis' election).

46TH CONGRESS-SENATE

The SENATE of the 46th Congress included 4 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 2 Conservatives-
  • Senator John W. Johnston of VIRGINIA (Class 2)
  • Senator Robert E. Withers of VIRGINIA (Class 1)
• 1 Anti-Monopolist-
  • Senator Newton Booth of CALIFORNIA (Class 1)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator David Davis of ILLINOIS (Class 2)

The Class 3 Senate seat from NEW HAMPSHIRE (term: 4 March 1879 to 3 March 1885) was vacant at the start of the 46th Congress [4 March 1879] due to a failure of the legislature to elect; the Governor of the State appointed Charles H. Bell, a Republican, on 13 March 1879 to fill the vacancy until a successor could be elected by the General Court of the State. Subsequently, Henry W. Blair- also a Republican- was elected to fill this seat by the General Court of the State on 17 June 1879, before the convening of the "long" session of that Congress on 1 December 1879. Senator Blair- and not his immediate predecessor, Senator Bell- is, therefore, the one counted among the 32 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 46th Congress.

47TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

President JAMES A. GARFIELD was shot by an assassin on 2 July 1881 and died on the following 19 September, at which moment- as per Article II, Section 1, clause 6 of the U.S. Constitution- "the Powers and Duties of [the Presidency] shall devolve on the Vice President", CHESTER A. ARTHUR. Mr. Arthur formally took the oath of office as President on 20 September 1881.

47TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 47th Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 1 Conservative-
  • Senator John W. Johnston of VIRGINIA (Class 2)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator David Davis of ILLINOIS (Class 2)

Angus Cameron, a Republican, was elected on 10 March 1881 by the Legislature of the State of WISCONSIN to the Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1885) from that State vacated by the death of Senator Matthew H. Carpenter on 24 February 1881, during the preceding Congress, before the convening of the "long" session of the 47th Congress on 5 December 1881; Senator Cameron, therefore, is counted among the 38 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 47th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1881].

49TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The General Court of the State of NEW HAMPSHIRE delayed re-electing Senator Henry W. Blair, a Republican (whose previous term in the Senate had expired 3 March 1885), to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1885 to 3 March 1891) from that State until not too long before the convening of the "long" session of the 49th Congress on 7 December 1885. Senator Blair, therefore, is counted among the 41 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 49th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1885] due to the failure of the legislature to elect.

John H. Mitchell, a Republican, was elected by the Legislative Assembly of the State of OREGON to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1885 to 3 March 1891) from that State on 18 November 1885, before the convening of the "long" session of the 49th Congress on 7 December 1885. Senator Mitchell, therefore, is counted among the 41 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 49th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1885] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

Samuel Pasco, a Democrat, was elected by the Legislature of the State of FLORIDA to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1887 to 3 March 1893) before the convening of the "long" session of the 50th Congress on 5 December 1887. Senator Pasco, therefore, is counted among the 37 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 50th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1887] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

The Class 2 Senate seat from NEW HAMPSHIRE (term ending 3 March 1889) was vacated by the death of Senator Austin F. Pike on 8 October 1886, during the preceding Congress; the Governor of the State appointed Person C. Cheney, a Republican, on 24 November 1886 to fill the vacancy until a successor could be elected by the General Court of the State. Senator Cheney continued to serve into the 50th Congress by virtue of this appointment; however, William E. Chandler- also a Republican- was elected to fill this seat by the General Court of the State on 14 June 1887, before the convening of the "long" session of that Congress on 5 December 1887. Senator Chandler- and not his immediate predecessor, Senator Cheney- is, therefore, the one counted among the 39 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 50th Congress.

51ST CONGRESS- IN GENERAL:

Six new States were admitted to the Union during the 51st Congress:

NORTH DAKOTA and SOUTH DAKOTA were admitted as the 39th and 40th States of the Union, respectively, on 2 November 1889: in each case, the Senators and Congressmen (1 from NORTH DAKOTA; 2 from SOUTH DAKOTA) were all elected prior to the convening of the "long" session of the 51st Congress on 2 December 1889 and are, therefore, counted among those elected to that Congress.

MONTANA was admitted as the 41st State of the Union on 8 November 1889: that State's 1 Congressman is counted among those elected to the House in the 51st Congress; however, as Montana's 2 Senators were not elected by the Legislative Assembly of the State until after the convening of the "long" session of that Congress on 2 December 1889, they are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 51st Congress.

WASHINGTON was admitted as the 42nd State of the Union on 11 November 1889: that State's 2 Senators and 1 Congressman were all elected prior to the convening of the "long" session of the 51st Congress on 2 December 1889 and are, therefore, counted among those elected to that Congress.

IDAHO was admitted as the 43rd State of the Union on 3 July 1890; WYOMING was admitted as the 44th State of the Union on 10 July 1890: as both admissions were effected after the convening of the "long" session of the 51st Congress on 2 December 1889, neither State's Senators or Congressmen (1 Congressman from each State) are counted among those elected to the 51st Congress.

51ST CONGRESS- SENATE

William Chandler, a Republican, was elected by the General Court of the State of NEW HAMPSHIRE to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1889 to 3 March 1895) from that State on 19 June 1889, before the convening of the "long" session of the that Congress on 2 December 1889. Senator Chandler, therefore, is counted among the 45 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 51st Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1889] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

52ND CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 52th Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 1 Independent-
  • Senator James H. Kyle of SOUTH DAKOTA (Class 3)
• 1 Populist-
  • Senator William A. Peffer of KANSAS (Class 3)

Charles N. Felton, a Republican, was elected by the Legislature of the State of CALIFORNIA on 19 March 1891 to the Class 1 seat (term ending 3 March 1893) from that State vacated by the death of Senator George Hearst 28 February 1891, during the preceding Congress, before the convening of the "long" session of the 52nd Congress on 7 December 1891. Senator Felton, therefore, is counted among the 45 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 52nd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1891].

Senator Ephraim King Wilson, Democrat of MARYLAND, was re-elected to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1891 to 3 March 1897) from that State by the General Assembly of the State; however, Senator (as Senator-elect) Wilson died 24 February 1891, before that term had even begun. Charles H. Gibson, also a Democrat, was appointed by the Governor of Maryland on 19 November 1891 to fill the vacancy caused by Senator Daniel's death; the General Assembly of the State subsequently elected Senator Gibson to complete the term, but only after the convening of the "long" session of the 52nd Congress on 7 December 1891. Therefore, it is the late Senator[-elect] Wilson- not his successor, Senator Gibson- who is counted among the 41 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 52nd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1891].

Governor David B. Hill, a Democrat, was elected by the Legislature of the State of NEW YORK on 21 January 1891 to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1891 to 3 March 1897) from that State; however, Governor Hill did not leave the governorship to take his Senate seat until his term of office had expired on 1 January 1892- this being after the convening of the "long" session of the 52nd Congress on 7 December 1891. Nevertheless, it is Senator Hill who clearly was the intended Senator-elect for that seat as of the start of the 52nd Congress [4 March 1891] and he is, therefore, counted among the 41 Democrats elected to the Senate of that Congress.

53RD CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 53rd Congress included 3 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 2 Populists-
  • Senator William A. Peffer of KANSAS (Class 3)
  • Senator William V. Allen of NEBRASKA (Class 1)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator James H. Kyle of SOUTH DAKOTA (Class 3)

The SENATE of the 53rd Congress included 3 vacancies, as follows:

• 1 vacancy from the State of MONTANA, the Legislative Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1893 to 3 March 1899) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 53rd Congress on 4 December 1893. A Republican was appointed by the Governor of the State to fill the resultant vacancy but the Senate refused to seat the appointee and the Legislative Assembly of the State did not elect a successor until after the convening of the aforementioned "long" session of the 53rd Congress; therefore, the temporary appointee- who did not, in any event, take his seat- is not counted among the 38 Republicans elected to the Senate of that Congress.
• 1 vacancy from the State of WASHINGTON, the Legislature of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1893 to 3 March 1899) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 53rd Congress on 4 December 1893. A Republican was appointed by the Governor of the State to fill the resultant vacancy but the Senate refused to seat the appointee and the Legislature of the State did not elect a successor until after the convening of the aforementioned "long" session of the 53rd Congress; therefore, the temporary appointee- who did not, in any event, take his seat- is not counted among the 38 Republicans elected to the Senate of that Congress.
• 1 vacancy from the State of WYOMING, the Legislature of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1893 to 3 March 1899) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 53rd Congress on 4 December 1893. A Republican was appointed by the Governor of the State to fill the resultant vacancy but the Senate refused to seat the appointee and the Legislature of the State did not elect a successor until after the convening of the aforementioned "long" session of the 53rd Congress; therefore, the temporary appointee- who did not, in any event, take his seat- is not counted among the 38 Republicans elected to the Senate of that Congress.

Samuel Pasco, a Democrat, was elected by the Legislature of the State of FLORIDA to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1893 to 3 March 1899) before the convening of the "long" session of the 53rd Congress on 4 December 1893. Senator Pasco, therefore, is counted among the 44 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 53rd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1893] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

54TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

UTAH was admitted as the 45th State of the Union on 4 January 1896: as this was after the convening of the "long" session of the 54th Congress on 2 December 1895, Utah's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 54th Congress; neither is Utah's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

54TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 54th Congress included 4 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 3 Populists-
  • Senator William A. Peffer of KANSAS (Class 3)
  • Senator William V. Allen of NEBRASKA (Class 1)
  • Senator Marion Butler of NORTH CAROLINA (Class 2)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator James H. Kyle of SOUTH DAKOTA (Class 3)

The SENATE of the 54th Congress also included 1 vacancy from the State of DELAWARE, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1895 to 3 March 1901) from that State before the "long" session of the 54th Congress convened on 2 December 1895.

55TH CONGRESS- SENATE

• 3 Populists-
  • Senator Henry Heitfeld of IDAHO (Class 3)
  • Senator William V. Allen of NEBRASKA (Class 1)
  • Senator Marion Butler of NORTH CAROLINA (Class 2)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator James H. Kyle of SOUTH DAKOTA (Class 3)
• 1 Independent Republican-
  • Senator Henry M. Teller of COLORADO (Class 3)

The SENATE of the 55th Congress also included 1 vacancy from the State of OREGON, the Legislative Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1897 to 3 March 1903) from that State before the "long" session of the 55th Congress convened on 6 December 1897.

Stephen R. Mallory, a Democrat, was elected by the Legislature of the State of FLORIDA to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1897 to 3 March 1903) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 55th Congress on 6 December 1897. Senator Mallory, therefore, is counted among the 36 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 55th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1897] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

56TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 56th Congress included 4 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures, as follows:

• 2 Populists-
  • Senator Henry Heitfeld of IDAHO (Class 3)
  • Senator Marion Butler of NORTH CAROLINA (Class 2)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator James H. Kyle of SOUTH DAKOTA (Class 3)
• 1 Independent Republican-
  • Senator Henry M. Teller of COLORADO (Class 3)

The SENATE of the 56th Congress included 4 vacancies, as follows:

• 1 vacancy from the State of CALIFORNIA, the Legislature of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1899 to 3 March 1905) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 56th Congress on 4 December 1899.
• 1 vacancy from the State of DELAWARE, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1899 to 3 March 1905) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 56th Congress on 4 December 1899.
• 1 vacancy from the Commonwealth of PENNSYLVANIA, the General Assembly of the Commonwealth having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1899 to 3 March 1905) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 56th Congress on 4 December 1899. A Republican had been appointed by the Governor of the Commonwealth to fill the resultant vacancy but the Senate refused to seat the appointee and the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of PENNSYLVANIA did not elect a successor until after the convening of the aforementioned "long" session of the that Congress.
• 1 vacancy from the State of UTAH, the Legislature of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1899 to 3 March 1905) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 56th Congress on 4 December 1899.

James P. Taliaferro, a Democrat, was elected by the Legislature of the State of FLORIDA to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1899 to 3 March 1905) before the convening of the "long" session of the 56th Congress on 4 December 1899. Senator Taliaferro, therefore, is counted among the 28 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 56th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1899] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

Monroe L. Hayward, a Republican, was elected by the Legislature of the State of NEBRASKA to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1899 to 3 March 1905) on 8 March 1899, before the convening of the "long" session of the 56th Congress on 4 December 1899. Senator Hayward, therefore, is counted among the 54 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 56th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1899] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

57TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

President WILLIAM McKINLEY was shot by an assassin on 6 September 1901 and died on the following 14 September, at which moment- as per Article II, Section 1, clause 6 of the U.S. Constitution- "the Powers and Duties of [the Presidency] shall devolve on the Vice President", THEODORE ROOSEVELT. Mr. Roosevelt formally took the oath of office as President on 14 September 1901, the same day as Mr. McKinley's passing.

57TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 57th Congress included 4 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by their respective State Legislatures as well as 2 vacancies:

The 4 others were as follows:

• 2 Independent Republicans-
  • Senator Henry M. Teller of COLORADO (Class 3)
  • Senator Fred T. DuBois of IDAHO (Class 2)
• 1 Populist-
  • Senator Henry Heitfeld of IDAHO (Class 3)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator James H. Kyle of SOUTH DAKOTA (Class 3)

The 2 Vacancies were both from the State of DELAWARE: the General Assembly of the State having already failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (for the term of 4 March 1899 to 3 March 1905) from that State during the preceding Congress; in addition, the General Assembly also failed to elect a Senator to Delaware's Class 2 seat (for the term of 4 March 1901 to 3 March 1907) and both of DELAWARE's seats in the Senate remained vacant at the time the "long" session of the 57th Congress convened on 2 December 1901.

Paris Gibson, a Democrat, was elected on 7 March 1901 by the Legislative Assembly of the State of MONTANA to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator William D. Clark from the Class 1 seat (term ending 3 March 1905) from that State on 15 May 1900, during the preceding Congress, before the convening of the "long" session of the 57th Congress on 2 December 1901. Senator Gibson, therefore, is counted among the 30 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 57th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1901].

Charles H. Dietrich, a Republican, was elected on 28 March 1901 by the Legislature of the State of NEBRASKA to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Monroe L. Hayward in the Class 1 seat (term ending 3 March 1905) from that State on 5 December 1899, during the preceding Congress, before the convening of the "long" session of the 57th Congress on 2 December 1901. Senator Dietrich, therefore is counted among the 54 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 57th Congress, notwithstanding the fact that William V. Allen, a Populist, had been appointed by the Governor of the State on 13 December 1899, during the preceding Congress, to fill the vacancy and was still serving, on the basis of that appointment, in the Class 1 seat from NEBRASKA at the start of the 57th Congress [4 March 1901]; in the opinion of TheGreenPapers.com, the actual election of a Republican- as opposed to the temporary appointment of a Populist- better reflects the political will of the State of NEBRASKA as to which Party the State Legislature wished to have represent it in this particular seat in the United States Senate of the 57th Congress: Senator Allen is, thus, NOT counted among the 4 others (that is, those outside the two Major Parties) elected to the Senate of the 57th Congress.

58TH CONGRESS- SENATE

Stephen R. Mallory, a Democrat, was elected by the Legislature of the State of FLORIDA to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1903 to 3 March 1909) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 58th Congress on 7 December 1903. Senator Mallory, therefore, is counted among the 33 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 58th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1903] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

59TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 59th Congress includes 1 vacancy from the State of DELAWARE, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1905 to 3 March 1911) from that State before the "long" session of the 59th Congress convened on 4 December 1905.

James P. Taliaferro, a Democrat, was elected by the Legislature of the State of FLORIDA to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1905 to 3 March 1911) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 59th Congress on 4 December 1905. Senator Taliaferro, therefore, is counted among the 32 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 59th Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1905] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

Governor Robert M. LaFollette, a Republican, was elected on 25 January 1905 by the Legislature of the State of WISCONSIN to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1905 to 3 March 1911) from that State; however, Governor LaFollette did not leave the governorship to take that seat until he resigned 1 January 1906- this being after the convening of the "long" session of the 59th Congress on 4 December 1905. Nevertheless, it is Senator LaFollette who clearly was the intended Senator-elect for that seat as of the start of the 59th Congress [4 March 1905] and he is, therefore, counted among the 57 Republicans elected to the Senate of that Congress.

60TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

OKLAHOMA was admitted as the 46th State of the Union on 16 November 1907: all 5 of Oklahoma's Congressmen were elected by the People within the respective Congressional Districts of that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 60th Congress on 2 December 1907 and are, therefore, counted among the members of the House of Representatives elected to that Congress; however, as neither of Oklahoma's 2 Senators were elected by the Legislature of the State until 11 December 1907, they are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 60th Congress.

60TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 60th Congress includes 1 vacancy from the State of RHODE ISLAND [and Providence Plantations], the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect someone to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1907 to 3 March 1913) from that State before the "long" session of the 60th Congress convened on 2 December 1907.

61ST CONGRESS- SENATE

Duncan U. Fletcher, a Democrat, was elected by the Legislature of the State of FLORIDA to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1909 to 3 March 1915) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 61st Congress on 6 December 1909. Senator Fletcher, therefore, is counted among the 32 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 61st Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1909] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

William Lorimer, a Republican, was elected by the General Assembly of the State of ILLINOIS to the Class 3 seat (term: 4 March 1909 to 3 March 1915) from that State on 28 May 1909, before the convening of the "long" session of the 61st Congress on 6 December 1909. Senator Lorimer, therefore, is counted among the 60 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 61st Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1909] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

George T. Oliver, a Republican, was elected on 17 March 1909 by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of PENNSYLVANIA to the Class 1 seat (term ending 3 March 1911) from that State vacated by the resignation of Senator Philander C. Knox 3 March 1909, at the end of the preceding Congress, to become Secretary of State in the Taft Administration, before the convening of the "long" session of the 61st Congress on 6 December 1909. Senator Oliver, therefore, is counted among the 60 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 61st Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1909].

62ND CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

NEW MEXICO was admitted as the 47th State of the Union on 6 January 1912: as this was after the convening of the "long" session of the 62nd Congress on 4 December 1911, New Mexico's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 62nd Congress; neither are New Mexico's 2 Congressmen counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

ARIZONA was admitted as the 48th State of the Union on 14 February 1912: as this was after the convening of the "long" session of the 62nd Congress on 4 December 1911, Arizona's 2 Senators are NOT counted among those elected to the Senate of the 62nd Congress; neither is Arizona's 1 Congressman counted among those elected to the House of Representatives in that Congress.

62ND CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 62nd Congress includes 1 vacancy in the Class 3 seat (term ending 3 March 1915) vacated by the death of Senator Charles J. Hughes, Jr. of COLORADO on 11 January 1911, during the preceding Congress, the General Assembly of the State having failed to elect his successor before the convening of the "long" session of the 62nd Congress on 4 December 1911.

Nathan P. Bryan, a Democrat, was elected by the Legislature of the State of FLORIDA to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1911 to 3 March 1917) from that State before the convening of the "long" session of the 62nd Congress on 4 December 1911. Senator Bryan, therefore, is counted among the 41 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 62nd Congress, notwithstanding the existence of a vacancy at the start of that Congress [4 March 1911] due to a failure of the legislature to elect.

Senator John W. Daniel, Democrat of VIRGINIA, was re-elected to the Class 1 seat(term: 4 March 1911 to 3 March 1917) from that State by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth; however, Senator (as Senator-elect) Daniel died 29 June 1910, before that term had even begun. Claude A. Swanson, also a Democrat, was appointed by the Governor of the Commonwealth to fill the vacancy caused by Senator Daniel's death in the preceding Congress and, thus, finish the 1905-1911 Class 1 term; in addition, Senator Swanson was subsequently re-appointed by the Governor of the Commonwealth to fill the vacancy beginning 4 March 1911 caused by the passing of Senator Daniel as Senator-elect. The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of VIRGINIA later elected Senator Swanson to complete the 1911-1917 Class 1 term, but only after the convening of the "long" session of the 62nd Congress on 4 December 1911. Therefore, it is the late Senator[-elect] Daniel- not his successor, Senator Swanson- who is counted among the 41 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 62nd Congress.

63RD CONGRESS- SENATE

The Class 1 Senate seat from MARYLAND (term ending 3 March 1917) was vacated by the death of Senator Isidor Rayner on 25 November 1912, during the preceding Congress; the Governor of the State had appointed William P. Jackson, a Republican, to fill the vacancy until a successor could be elected and Senator Jackson was still serving in the Senate on the basis of this appointment when the term of the 63rd Congress began on 4 March 1913, as the General Assembly of the State had not yet been in session to choose a successor. The General Assembly had still not elected a successor when, on 31 May 1913, the 17th Amendment to the United States Constitution- mandating the election of United States Senators by the People of the several States, rather than by State Legislatures as heretofore- was declared as having been ratified through certification by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan; accordingly, a Special Election was held on 4 November 1913 in which Democrat Blair Lee was elected to the Senate by the People within the State of Maryland (this, by the way, being the first ever election of a U.S. Senator by popular vote). Even though Senator Lee was elected through a Special Election, he is counted among the 52 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 63rd Congress, while Senator Jackson is NOT counted among the 44 Republicans elected to the Senate of that Congress; in the opinion of TheGreenPapers.com, the popular election of a Democrat- as opposed to the temporary appointment of a Republican- better reflects the political will of the State of MARYLAND as to which Party the People of that State wished to have represent them in this particular seat in the United States Senate of the 63rd Congress and the table reflects this accordingly.

64TH CONGRESS- SENATE

General Election of 3 November 1914 elected Class 3 Senate seats
[term: 4 March 1915 to 3 March 1921]

Special Election to a seat other than a Class 3
on or after the date of the 1914 General Election
but before the start of the 64th Congress [4 March 1915]:

• Class 2 (term ending 3 March 1919)
  [elected on 3 November 1914]-
  • Thomas W. Hardwick, Democrat of GEORGIA
    [re: death of Senator Augustus O. Bacon, 14 February 1914]

65TH CONGRESS- SENATE

General Election of 7 November 1916 elected Class 1 Senate seats
[term: 4 March 1917 to 3 March 1923]

Special Elections to seats other than a Class 1
on or after the date of the 1916 General Election
but before the start of the 65th Congress [4 March 1917]:

• Class 2 (term ending 3 March 1919)
  [elected on 7 November 1916]-
  • Bert M. Fernald, Republican of MAINE
    [re: death of Senator Edwin C. Burleigh, 16 June 1916]

• Class 3 (term ending 3 March 1921)
  [elected on 7 November 1916]-
  • William F. Kirby, Democrat of ARKANSAS
    [re: death of Senator James P. Clarke, 1 October 1916]
  • James E. Watson, Republican of INDIANA
    [re: death of Senator Benjamin F. Shively, 14 March 1916]

The SENATE of the 65th Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by the People of their respective States, as follows:

• 1 Progressive-
  • Senator Hiram Johnson of CALIFORNIA (Class 1)
• 1 Progressive Independent-
  • Senator Gilbert M. Hitchcock of NEBRASKA (Class 1)

Both of the major candidates for the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1917 to 3 March 1923) from the State of NEBRASKA- incumbent Senator Gilbert M. Hitchcock, ordinarily a Democrat, and former Congressman John L. Kennedy, ordinarily a Republican- ran in the 7 November 1916 General Election as other than their respective Major Parties: Hitchcock as a "Progressive Independent"; Kennedy as a "Progressive".

Hiram Johnson, a Progressive elected to the Class 1 seat (term: 4 March 1917 to 3 March 1923) from the State of CALIFORNIA, delayed taking his seat in the Senate until after he had resigned as Governor of the State on 15 March 1917; nevertheless, as he had been duly elected in the General Election of 7 November 1916 by the People of the State, Senator Johnson is counted among the 2 other (as in "other than the two Major Parties") elected to the 65th Congress.

66TH CONGRESS- SENATE

General Election of 5 November 1918 elected Class 2 Senate seats
[term: 4 March 1919 to 3 March 1925]

Special Elections to seats other than a Class 2
on or after the date of the 1918 General Election
but before the start of the 66th Congress [4 March 1919]:

• Class 3 (term ending 3 March 1921)
  [elected on 5 November 1918]-
  • John F. Nugent, Democrat of IDAHO
    [re: death of Senator James H. Brady, 13 January 1918]
  • Edward J. Gay, Democrat of LOUISIANA
    [re: death of Senator Robert F. Broussard, 12 April 1918]
  • Selden P. Spencer, Republican of MISSOURI
    [re: death of Senator William J. Stone, 14 April 1918]
  • Charles B. Henderson, Democrat of NEVADA
    [re: death of Senator Francis G. Newlands, 24 December 1917]
  • George H. Moses, Republican of NEW HAMPSHIRE
    [re: death of Senator Jacob H. Gallinger, 17 August 1918]

The SENATE of the 66th Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by the People of his State, as follows:

• 1 Progressive-
  • Senator Hiram W. Johnson of CALIFORNIA (Class 1)

Augustus O. Stanley, a Democrat elected to the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1919 to 3 March 1925) from the Commonwealth of KENTUCKY, delayed taking his seat in the Senate until after he had resigned as Governor of the State on 19 May 1919; nevertheless, as he had been duly elected in the General Election of 5 November 1918 by the People of the State, Senator Stanley is counted among the 47 Democrats elected to the 66th Congress.

67TH CONGRESS- SENATE

General Election of 2 November 1920 elected Class 3 Senate seats
[term: 4 March 1921 to 3 March 1927]

Special Elections to seats other than a Class 3
on or after the date of the 1920 General Election
but before the start of the 67th Congress [4 March 1921]:

• Class 2 (term ending 3 March 1925)
  [elected on 2 November 1920]-
  • J. Thomas Heflin, Democrat of ALABAMA
    [re: death of Senator John H. Bankhead, 1 March 1920]
  • Carter Glass, Democrat of VIRGINIA
    [re: death of Senator Thomas S. Martin, 12 November 1919]

68TH CONGRESS- IN GENERAL

President WARREN G. HARDING died in office on 2 August 1923, at which moment-as per Article II, Section 1, clause 6 of the U.S. Constitution- " the Powers and Duties of [the Presidency] shall devolve on the Vice President", CALVIN COOLIDGE. Mr. Coolidge formally took the oath of office as President the following day (3 August 1923).

68TH CONGRESS- SENATE

General Election of 7 November 1922 elected Class 1 Senate seats
[term: 4 March 1923 to 3 March 1929]

Special Elections to seats other than a Class 1
on or after the date of the 1922 General Election
but before the start of the 68th Congress [4 March 1923]:

• Class 2 (term ending 3 March 1925)
  [elected on 7 November 1922]-
  • Smith W. Brookhart, Republican of IOWA
    [re: death of Senator William S. Kenyon, 24 February 1922]

• Class 3 (term ending 3 March 1927)
  [elected on 7 November 1922]-
  • Walter F. George, Democrat of GEORGIA
    [re: death of Senator Thomas E. Watson, 26 September 1922]
  • George Wharton Pepper, Republican of PENNSYLVANIA
    [re: death of Senator Boise Penrose, 31 December 1921]

The SENATE of the 68th Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by the People of their respective States, as follows:

• 1 Farmer-Laborite-
  • Senator Henrik Shipstead of MINNESOTA (Class 1)
• 1 National Prohibitionist-
  • Senator Lynn J. Frazier of NORTH DAKOTA (Class 1)

69TH CONGRESS- SENATE

General Election of 4 November 1924 elected Class 2 Senate seats
[term: 4 March 1925 to 3 March 1931]

Special Elections to seats other than a Class 2
on or after the date of the 1924 General Election
but before the start of the 69th Congress [4 March 1925]:

• Class 3 (term ending 3 March 1927)
  [elected on 4 November 1924]-
  • Rice W. Means, Republican of COLORADO
    [re: death of Senator Samuel D. Nicholson, 24 March 1923]
• Class 3 (term ending 3 March 1927)
  [elected on 16 December 1924]-
  • Hiram Bingham, Republican of CONNECTICUT
    [re: death of Senator Frank B. Brandegee, 14 October 1924]

The SENATE of the 69th Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by the People of their respective States, as follows:

• 1 Farmer-Laborite-
  • Senator Henrik Shipstead of MINNESOTA (Class 1)
• 1 National Prohibitionist-
  • Senator Lynn J. Frazier of NORTH DAKOTA (Class 1)

The election for the Class 2 seat (term: 4 March 1925 to 3 March 1931) from IOWA on 4 November 1924 was a disputed election: incumbent Senator Smith W. Brookhart, a Republican, was the apparent winner of this election and, as a result, was continued in his seat into the 69th Congress; however, Democrat candidate Daniel F. Steck contested the election and, later in that Congress, was declared the real victor by the Senate and, thus, entitled to this seat. Because Senator Brookhart was originally seen as the apparent winner of this election, it is the opinion of TheGreenPapers.com that he be considered as having been elected for purposes of this chart: therefore, Senator Brookhart is counted among the 54 Republicans elected to the Senate of the 69th Congress; likewise, Senator Steck is NOT counted among the 40 Democrats elected to the Senate of that Congress.

92ND CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 92nd Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as elected by the People of their respective States in the General Election of 3 November 1970, as follows:

• 1 Conservative-
  • Senator James F. Buckley of NEW YORK (Class 1)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr. of VIRGINIA (Class 1)

93RD CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 93rd Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as having been elected by the People of their respective States, as follows:

• 1 Conservative-
  • Senator James F. Buckley of NEW YORK (Class 1)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr. of VIRGINIA (Class 1)

93RD CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

• 1 Independent-
  • Congressman John Joseph Moakley of MASSACHUSETTS (9th Dist.)
    [NOTE: after his election, announced his intention to act as a DEMOCRAT during the 93rd Congress]

94TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 94th Congress included 2 Senators from other than the two Major Parties as having been elected by the People of their respective States, as follows:

• 1 Conservative-
  • Senator James F. Buckley of NEW YORK (Class 1)
• 1 Independent-
  • Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr. of VIRGINIA (Class 1)

94TH CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

95TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 95th Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by the People of his State in the General Election of 2 November 1976, as follows:

• 1 Independent-
  • Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr. of VIRGINIA (Class 1)

95TH CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

96TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 96th Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by the People of his State, as follows:

• 1 Independent-
  • Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr. of VIRGINIA (Class 1)

96TH CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

97TH CONGRESS- SENATE

The SENATE of the 97th Congress included 1 Senator from other than the two Major Parties as elected by the People of his State, as follows:

• 1 Independent-
  • Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr. of VIRGINIA (Class 1)

97TH CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

• 1 Independent-
  • Congressman Thomas M. Foglietta of PENNSYLVANIA (1st Dist.)
    [NOTE: after his election, announced his intention to act as a DEMOCRAT during the 97th Congress]

98TH CONGRESS-SENATE

General Election of 2 November 1982 elected 33 Class 1 Senate seats
[term: noon, 3 January 1983 to noon, 3 January 1989]

98TH CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

99TH CONGRESS-SENATE

General Election of 6 November 1984 elected 33 Class 2 Senate seats
[term: noon, 3 January 1985 to noon, 3 January 1991]

99TH CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

100TH CONGRESS- UNITED STATES SENATE

General Election of 4 November 1986 elected 34 Class 3 Senate seats
[term: noon, 3 January 1987 to noon, 3 January 1993]

• 21 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 9 Democrats: Bumpers[AR]; Cranston[CA]; Dodd[CT]; Inouye[HI]; Dixon[IL]; Ford[KY]; Glenn[OH]; Hollings[SC]; Leahy[VT].
  • 12 Republicans: Murkowski[AK]; Symms[ID]; Quayle[IN]; Grassley[IA]; Dole[KS]; Rudman[NH]; D'Amato[NY]; Nickles[OK]; Packwood[OR]; Specter[PA]; Garn[UT]; Kasten[WI].
• 13 freshman Senators elected:
  • 11 Democrats: Richard Shelby[ALABAMA]; Timothy Wirth[COLORADO]; Bob Graham[FLORIDA]; Wyche Fowler[GEORGIA]; John Breaux[LOUISIANA]; Barbara Mikulski[MARYLAND]; Harry Reid[NEVADA]; Terry Sanford[NORTH CAROLINA]; Kent Conrad[NORTH DAKOTA]; Thomas Daschle[SOUTH DAKOTA]; Brock Adams[WASHINGTON].
  • 2 Republicans: John McCain[ARIZONA]; Kit Bond[MISSOURI].

100TH CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

101ST CONGRESS- UNITED STATES SENATE

General Election of 8 November 1988 elected 33 Class 1 Senate seats
[term: noon, 3 January 1989 to noon, 3 January 1995]

• 23 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 14 Democrats: DeConcini[AZ]; Matsunaga[HI]; Mitchell[ME]; Sarbanes[MD]; Kennedy[MA]; Riegle[MI]; Lautenberg[NJ]; Bingaman[NM]; Moynihan[NY]; Burdick[ND]; Metzenbaum[OH]; Sasser[TN]; Bentsen[TX]; Byrd[WV].
  • 9 Republicans: Wilson[CA]; Roth[DE]; Lugar[IN]; Durenberger[MN]; Danforth[MO]; Heinz[PA]; Chafee[RI]; Hatch[UT]; Wallop[WY].
• 1 Senator returning after an absence from the Senate:
  • Slade Gorton, Republican of WASHINGTON
• 9 freshman Senators elected:
  • 5 Democrats: Joseph Lieberman[CONNECTICUT]; Robert Kerrey[NEBRASKA]; Richard Bryan[NEVADA]; Charles Robb[VIRGINIA]; Herbert Kohl[WISCONSIN].
  • 4 Republicans: Connie Mack[FLORIDA]; Trent Lott[MISSISSIPPI]; Conrad Burns[MONTANA]; James Jeffords[VERMONT].

101ST CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

103RD CONGRESS- UNITED STATES SENATE

General Election of 6 November 1990 elected 33 Class 2 Senate seats
[term: noon, 3 January 1991 to noon, 3 January 1997]

• 29 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 16 Democrats: Heflin[AL]; Pryor[AR]; Biden[DE]; Nunn[GA]; Simon[IL]; Harkin[IA]; Johnston[LA]; Kerry[MA]; Levin[MI]; Baucus[MT]; Exon[NE]; Bradley[NJ]; Boren[OK]; Pell[RI]; Gore[TN]; Rockefeller[WV].
  • 13 Republicans: Stevens[AK]; Kassebaum[KS]; McConnell[KY]; Cohen[ME]; Cochran[MS]; Domenici[NM]; Helms[NC]; Hatfield[OR]; Thurmond[SC]; Pressler[SD]; Gramm[TX]; Warner[VA]; Simpson[WY].
• 4 freshman Senators elected:
  • 1 Democrat: Paul Wellstone[MINNESOTA].
  • 3 Republicans: Hank Brown[COLORADO]; Larry Craig[IDAHO]; Bob Smith[NEW HAMPSHIRE].

Special Election to a seat other than a Class 2
on or after the date of the 1990 General Election
but before the start of the 102nd Congress [3 January 1991]:

• Class 2 (term ending noon, 3 January 1997)
  [elected on 6 November 1990]-
  • Daniel Akaka, Democrat of HAWAII
    [re: death of Senator Spark Matsunaga, 15 April 1990]
  • Dan Coats, Republican of INDIANA
    [re: resignation of Senator Dan Quayle, 3 January 1989, having been elected Vice President of the United States]

Special Election to the SENATE of the 102nd Congress during the course of that Congress:

• Class 1 (term ending noon, 3 January 1995)-
  • [elected on 5 November 1991]
    Harris Wofford, Democrat of PENNSYLVANIA
    [re: death of Senator John Heinz, 4 April 1991]

102ND CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

The HOUSE in the 102nd Congress included 1 Congressman from other than the two Major Parties elected by the People of his District in the General Election of 6 November 1990, as follows:

• 1 Independent-
  • Congressman Bernard Sanders of VERMONT (At-Large)

103RD CONGRESS- UNITED STATES SENATE

General Election of 3 November 1992 elected 34 Class 3 Senate seats
[term: noon, 3 January 1993 to noon, 3 January 1999]

• 23 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 13 Democrats: Shelby[AL]; Bumpers[AR]; Dodd[CT]; Graham[FL]; Inouye[HI]; Ford[KY]; Breaux[LA]; Mikulski[MD]; Reid[NV]; Glenn[OH]; Hollings[SC]; Daschle[SD]; Leahy[VT].
  • 10 Republicans: Murkowski[AK]; McCain[AZ]; Coats[IN]; Grassley[IA]; Dole[KS]; Bond[MO]; D'Amato[NY]; Nickles[OK]; Packwood[OR]; Specter[PA].
• 11 freshman Senators elected:
  • 6 Democrats: Barbara Boxer[CALIFORNIA]; Ben Nighthorse Campbell[COLORADO]; Carol Moseley-Braun[ILLINOIS]; Byron Dorgan[NORTH DAKOTA]; Patty Murray[WASHINGTON]; Russ Feingold[WISCONSIN].
  • 5 Republicans: Paul Coverdell[GEORGIA]; Dirk Kempthorne[IDAHO]; Judd Gregg[NEW HAMPSHIRE]; Lauch Faircloth[NORTH CAROLINA]; Robert Bennett[UTAH].

Special Election to a seat other than a Class 3
on or after the date of the 1992 General Election
but before the start of the 103rd Congress [3 January 1993]:

• Class 1 (term ending noon, 3 January 1995)-
  • [elected on 3 November 1992]
    Dianne Feinstein, Democrat of CALIFORNIA
    [re: resignation of Senator Paul Wilson, 7 January 1991, having been elected Governor of California]
  • [elected on 4 December 1992]
    Kent Conrad, Democrat of NORTH DAKOTA
    [re: death of Senator Quentin N. Burdick, 8 September 1992]

Special Election to the SENATE of the 103rd Congress during the course of that Congress:

• Class 1 (term ending noon, 3 January 1995)-
  • [elected on 5 June 1993]
    Kay Bailey Hutchison, Republican of TEXAS
    [re: resignation of Senator Lloyd Bentsen, 20 January 1993, having been appointed Secretary of the Treasury]

Party switches in the SENATE of the 103rd Congress:

• 9 November 1994: Senator Richard Shelby of ALABAMA
  from Democrat to REPUBLICAN

103RD CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

The HOUSE in the 103rd Congress included 1 Congressman from other than the two Major Parties elected by the People of his District in the General Election of 3 November 1992, as follows:

• 1 Independent-
  • Congressman Bernard Sanders of VERMONT (At-Large)

104TH CONGRESS- UNITED STATES SENATE

General Election of 8 November 1994 elected 33 Class 1 Senate seats
[term: noon, 3 January 1995 to noon, 3 January 2001]

• 24 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 14 Democrats: Feinstein[CA]; Lieberman[CT]; Akaka[HI]; Sarbanes[MD]; Kennedy[MA]; Kerrey[NE]; Bryan[NV]; Lautenberg[NJ]; Bingaman[NM]; Moynihan[NY]; Conrad[ND]; Robb[VA]; Byrd[WV]; Kohl[WI].
  • 10 Republicans: Roth[DE]; Mack[FL]; Lugar[IN]; Lott[MS]; Burns[MT]; Chafee[RI]; Hutchison[TX]; Hatch[UT]; Jeffords[VT]; Gorton[WA].
• 9 freshman Senators elected:
  • 0 Democrats.
  • 9 Republicans: Jon Kyl[ARIZONA]; Olympia Snowe[MAINE]; Spencer Abraham[MICHIGAN]; Rod Grams[MINNESOTA]; John Ashcroft[MISSOURI]; Mike DeWine[OHIO]; Rick Santorum[PENNSYLVANIA]; Bill Frist[TENNESSEE]; Craig Thomas[WYOMING].

Special Election to a seat other than a Class 1
on or after the date of the 1994 General Election
but before the start of the 104th Congress [3 January 1995]:

• Class 2 (term ending noon, 3 January 1997)
  [elected on 8 November 1994]-
  • James Inhofe, Republican of OKLAHOMA
    [re: resignation of Senator David Boren, effective 15 November 1994]
  • Fred Thompson, Republican of TENNESSEE
    [re: resignation of Senator Albert Gore, 2 January 1993, having been elected Vice President of the United States]

Special Election to the SENATE of the 104th Congress during the course of that Congress:

• Class 3 (term ending noon, 3 January 1999)-
  • [elected on 30 January 1996]
    Ron Wyden, Democrat of OREGON
    [re: resignation of Senator Robert Packwood, 1 October 1995]

Party switches in the SENATE of the 104th Congress:

• 3 March 1995: Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell of COLORADO
  from Democrat to REPUBLICAN

104TH CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

The HOUSE in the 104th Congress included 1 Congressman from other than the two Major Parties elected by the People of his District in the General Election of 8 November 1994, as follows:

• 1 Independent-
  • Congressman Bernard Sanders of VERMONT (At-Large)

105TH CONGRESS- UNITED STATES SENATE

General Election of 5 November 1996 elected 33 Class 2 Senate seats
[term: noon, 3 January 1997 to noon, 3 January 2003]

• 19 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 7 Democrats: Biden[DE]; Harkin[IA]; Kerry[MA]; Levin[MI]; Wellstone[MN]; Baucus[MT]; Rockefeller[WV].
  • 12 Republicans: Stevens[AK]; Craig[ID]; McConnell[KY]; Cochran[MS]; Smith[NH]; Domenici[NM]; Helms[NC]; Inhofe[OK]; Thurmond[SC]; Thompson[TN]; Gramm[TX]; Warner[VA].
• 14 freshman Senators elected:
  • 6 Democrats: Max Cleland[GEORGIA]; Richard Durbin[ILLINOIS]; Mary Landrieu[LOUISIANA]; Robert Torricelli[NEW JERSEY]; Jack Reed [RHODE ISLAND]; Tim Johnson[SOUTH DAKOTA].
  • 8 Republicans: Jeff Sessions[ALABAMA]; Tim Hutchinson[ARKANSAS]; Wayne Allard[COLORADO]; Pat Roberts[KANSAS]; Susan Collins[MAINE]; Chuck Hagel[NEBRASKA]; Gordon Smith[OREGON]; Mike Enzi[WYOMING].

Special Election to a seat other than a Class 2
on or after the date of the 1996 General Election
but before the start of the 105th Congress [3 January 1997]:

• Class 3 (term ending noon, 3 January 1999)
  [elected on 5 November 1996]-
  • Sam Brownback, Republican of KANSAS
    [re: resignation of Senator Robert J. Dole, 11 June 1996]

105TH CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

The HOUSE in the 105th Congress included 2 Congressman from other than the two Major Parties elected by the People of his or her District in the General Election of 5 November 1996, as follows:

• 2 Independent-
  • Congresswoman JoAnn Emerson of MISSOURI (8th Dist.)
    [NOTE: after her election, announced her intention to act as a REPUBLICAN during the 105th Congress]
  • Congressman Bernard Sanders of VERMONT (At-Large)

106TH CONGRESS- UNITED STATES SENATE

General Election of 3 November 1998 elected 34 Class 3 Senate seats
[term: noon, 3 January 1999 to noon, 3 January 2005]

• 26 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 14 Democrats: Boxer [CA]; Dodd[CT]; Graham[FL]; Inouye[HI]; Breaux[LA]; Mikulski[MD]; Reid[NV]; Dorgan[ND]; Wyden[OR]; Hollings[SC]; Daschle[SD]; Leahy[VT]; Murray[WA]; Feingold[WI].
  • 12 Republicans: Shelby[AL]; Murkowski[AK]; McCain[AZ]; Campbell[CO]; Coverdell[GA]; Grassley[IA]; Brownback[KS]; Bond[MO]; Gregg[NH]; Nickles[OK]; Specter[PA]; Bennett[UT].
• 8 freshman Senators elected:
  • 4 Democrats: Blanche Lambert Lincoln[ARKANSAS]; Evan Bayh[INDIANA]; Chuck Schumer[NEW YORK]; John Edwards[NORTH CAROLINA].
  • 4 Republicans: Mike Crapo[IDAHO]; Peter Fitzgerald[ILLINOIS]; Jim Bunning[KENTUCKY]; George Voinovich[OHIO].

106TH CONGRESS- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

The HOUSE in the 106th Congress included 1 Congressman from other than the two Major Parties elected by the People of his District in the General Election of 3 November 1998, as follows:

• 1 Independent-
  • Congressman Bernard Sanders of VERMONT (At-Large)

107TH CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 50 Democrats, 50 Republicans;
HOUSE: 221 Republicans, 212 Democrats, 2 Independents [1 caucusing with the Democrats, 1 caucusing with the Republicans;
the 54th Administration of GEORGE W. BUSH had nominal control of the Senate at the beginning of the 107th Congress; the Administration also had outright control of the House in the 107th Congress.

107TH CONGRESS- United States SENATE

General Election of 7 November 2000 elected 33 Class 1 SENATE seats
[term: noon, 3 January 2001 to noon, 3 January 2007]
as follows:

• 22 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 9 Democrats: Feinstein[CA]; Lieberman[CT]; Akaka[HI]; Sarbanes [MD]; Kennedy[MA]; Bingaman[NM]; Conrad[ND]; Byrd[WV]; Kohl[WI].
  • 13 Republicans: Kyl[AZ]; Lugar[IN]; Snowe[ME]; Lott[MS]; Burns[MT]; DeWine[OH]; Santorum[PA]; Chafee[RI]; Frist[TN]; Hutchison[TX]; Hatch[UT]; Jeffords[VT]; Thomas[WY].
• 11 freshman Senators elected:
  • 9 Democrats: Thomas Carper[DELAWARE]; Bill Nelson[FLORIDA]; Debbie Stabenow[MICHIGAN]; Mark Dayton[MINNESOTA]; Mel Carnahan[MISSOURI] {Carnahan predeceased this Congress}; Ben Nelson[NEBRASKA]; Jon Corzine[NEW JERSEY]; Hillary Rodham Clinton[NEW YORK]; Maria Cantwell[WASHINGTON].
  • 2 Republicans: John Ensign[NEVADA]; George Allen[VIRGINIA].

Mel Carnahan, Democrat candidate for the Class 1 seat (term: noon, 3 January 2001 to noon, 3 January 2007) from MISSOURI, was killed in a plane crash on 16 October 2000; nevertheless, he was posthumously elected to the Senate by the People of the State of Missouri in the General Election of 7 November 2000. His widow, Jean Carnahan, also a Democrat, was appointed by the Governor of the State to fill the vacancy caused by the predecease of Senator-elect Mel Carnahan pending a Special Election to be held at the time of the next General Election on 5 November 2002. It is the posthumous election of Mel Carnahan to this Senate seat that is counted among the 50 Democrats elected to the Senate of the 107th Congress.

Special Election to a seat other than a Class 1
on or after the date of the 2000 General Election
but before the start of the 107th Congress [3 January 2001]:

• Class 3 (term ending noon, 3 January 2005)
  [elected on 7 November 2000]-
  • Zell Miller, Democrat of GEORGIA
    [re: death of Senator Paul Coverdell, 24 July 2000]

Party switches in the SENATE of the 107th Congress:

• 24 May 2001: Senator James Jeffords of VERMONT
  from Republican to INDEPENDENT

107TH CONGRESS- HOUSE of Representatives
elected in the General Election of 7 November 2000
[term: noon, 3 January 2001 to noon, 3 January 2003]

The HOUSE in the 107th Congress included 2 Congressmen from other than the two Major Parties elected by the People of his District in the General Election of 7 November 2000, as follows:

• 2 Independents- Congressman Bernard Sanders of VERMONT (At-Large);
  Congressman Virgil H. Goode, Jr. of VIRGINIA (5th Congressional District)

Congressman Julian C. Dixon, Democrat of the 32nd Congressional District of CALIFORNIA, died on 8 December 2000, during the preceding Congress, after having been re-elected by the People of his District in the General Election of 7 November 2000. The late Congressman Dixon, therefore, is counted among the 212 Democrats elected to the 107th Congress- even though his seat was, obviously, vacant at the start of that Congress on 3 January 2001.

108TH CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 52 Republicans, 48 Democrats;
HOUSE: 229 Republicans, 205 Democrats, 1 Independent [who caucused with the Democrats];
the 54th Administration of GEORGE W. BUSH had control of both the Senate and the House in the 108th Congress.

108th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

General Election of 5 November 2002 elected 33 Class 2 SENATE seats
[term: noon, 3 January 2003 to noon, 3 January 2009]
as follows:

• 24 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 10 Democrats: Biden[DE]; Durbin[IL]; Harkin[IA]; Landrieu [LA]; Kerry[MA]; Levin[MI]; Baucus[MT]; Reed[RI]; Johnson[SD]; Rockefeller[WV].
  • 14 Republicans: Sessions[AL]; Stevens[AK]; Allard[CO]; Craig[ID]; Roberts[KS]; McConnell[KY]; Collins[ME]; Cochran[MS]; Hagel[NE]; Domenici[NM]; Inhofe[OK]; Smith[OR]; Warner[VA]; Enzi[WY].
• 9 freshman Senators elected:
  • 2 Democrats: Mark Pryor[ARKANSAS]; Frank Lautenberg[NEW JERSEY] (returning Senator).
  • 7 Republicans: Saxby Chambliss[GEORGIA]; Norm Coleman[MINNESOTA]; John Sununu[NEW HAMPSHIRE]; Elizabeth Dole[NORTH CAROLINA]; Lindsey Graham[SOUTH CAROLINA]; Lamar Alexander[TENNESSEE]; John Cornyn[TEXAS].

107TH CONGRESS- HOUSE of Representatives

109TH CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 56 Republicans, 44 Democrats;
HOUSE: 232 Republicans, 202 Democrats, 1 Independent [who caucused with the Democrats];
the 55th Administration of GEORGE W. BUSH had control of both the Senate and the House in the 109th Congress.

109th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

General Election of 2 November 2004 elected 34 Class 3 SENATE seats
[term: noon, 3 January 2005 to noon, 3 January 2011]
as follows:

• 24 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 13 Democrats: Lincoln[AR]; Boxer[CA]; Dodd[CT]; Inouye[HI]; Bayh[IN]; Mikulski[MD]; Reid[NV]; Schumer[NY]; Dorgan[ND]; Wyden[OR]; Leahy[VT]; Murray[WA]; Feingold[WI].
  • 11 Republicans: Shelby[AL]; McCain[AZ]; Crapo[ID]; Grassley[IA]; Brownback[KS]; Bunning[KY]; Bond[MO]; Gregg[NH]; Voinovich[OH]; Specter[PA]; Bennett[UT].
• 10 freshman Senators elected:
  • 2 Democrats: Ken Salazar[COLORADO]; Barack Obama[ILLINOIS].
  • 8 Republicans: Lisa Murkowski[ALASKA]; Mel Martinez[FLORIDA]; Johnny Isakson[GEORGIA]; David Vitter[LOUISIANA]; Richard Burr[NORTH CAROLINA]; Tom Coburn[OKLAHOMA]; Jim DeMint[SOUTH CAROLINA]; John Thune[SOUTH DAKOTA].

107TH CONGRESS- HOUSE of Representatives

110TH CONGRESS- in General

SENATE: 49 Democrats, 49 Republicans, 2 elected as Independents [both caucusing with the Democrats];
HOUSE: 233 Democrats, 202 Republicans;
the 55th Administration of GEORGE W. BUSH did not have control of either the Senate or the House in the 110th Congress.

110th CONGRESS- United States SENATE

General Election of 7 November 2006 elected 33 Class 1 SENATE seats
[term: noon, 3 January 2007 to noon, 3 January 2013]
as follows:

• 22 incumbent Senators re-elected:
  • 13 Democrats: Feinstein[CA]; Carper[DE]; Nelson[FL]; Akaka[HI]; Kennedy[MA]; Stabenow[MI]; Nelson[NE]; Bingaman[NM]; Clinton[NY]; Conrad[ND]; Cantwell[WA]; Byrd[WV]; Kohl[WI].
  • 8 Republicans: Kyl[AZ]; Lugar[IN]; Snowe[ME]; Lott[MS]; Ensign[NV]; Hutchison[TX]; Hatch[UT]; Thomas[WY].
  • 1 Independent: Lieberman[CT] (formerly a Democrat)
• 11 freshman Senators elected:
  • 9 Democrats: Benjamin Cardin[MARYLAND]; Amy Klobuchar[MINNESOTA]; Claire McCaskill[MISSOURI]; Jon Tester[MONTANA]; Bob Menendez[NEW JERSEY]; Sherrod Brown[OHIO]; Robert "Bob" Casey, Jr.[PENNSYLVANIA]; Sheldon Whitehouse[RHODE ISLAND]; Jim Webb[VIRGINIA].
  • 1 Republican: Bob Corker[TENNESSEE].
  • 1 Independent: Bernie Sanders[VERMONT]

107TH CONGRESS- HOUSE of Representatives